Neverver language
[2] This is due to the fact that before this province gained its independence in 1980 they were governed by the joint French-English colonial rule.Voiced obstruents, including the fricatives /β/ and /ɣ/, and the prenasalized trills /mbʙ/ and /ndr/ are devoiced in word-final position in rapid speech.[1] Examples of the assignment of stress in verbs, instances of reduplication, and imperative statements are given in the table below.There is also another fourth pronominal-noun category which blends features of the Neverver pronominal system with properties of the three major noun classes.Independent personal pronouns usually refer to animate entities, unless in some particular circumstances such as reflexive constructions.Below is a table showing the independent pronoun paradigm:[7] Furthermore, all subjects, both nominal and pronominal, are cross-referenced with a subject/mood prefix which is attached to the verb stem in realis tense.In Neverver, when there are two human participants involved of different genders, one is expressed with a gender-coded form and the other can be coded with an optional gender-neutral ei.The gender-coded form to express a female participant as the grammatical subject of the first clause, is encoded in the subject/mood prefix i-.Neverver also has a small set of kin terms that can express family relations as well as other name avoidance strategies.[11] The basic word order of Neverver is SVO, including intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive verbs."SubjectNibisbokhrat angANAVerb (Transitive)i-te3:REAL:SG-cutPrimary Objectnoronleaf nidaro.taroSubject {} {Verb (Transitive)} {Primary Object} {}Nibisbokh ang i-te noron nidaro.rat ANA 3:REAL:SG-cut leaf taro"The rat cut taro leaves."SubjectNiterikhchildVerb (Ditransitive)i-sus-ikh3:REAL:SG-ask-APPLPrimary Objectnidamother titi3:POSS:SGSecondary Objectni-kkan-ianNPR-eat-NSFSubject {Verb (Ditransitive)} {Primary Object} {} {Secondary Object}Niterikh i-sus-ikh nida titi ni-kkan-ianchild 3:REAL:SG-ask-APPL mother 3:POSS:SG NPR-eat-NSF"The child asked his mother for food.This includes:[12] Some examples of possession from Barbour are:[2] Reduplication of words occur in the language of Neverver.Bebutmamafatheri-vu3:REAL:SG-gosi.NEGBe mama i-vu si.but father 3:REAL:SG-go NEGBut the father didn't goSimilar to example 1 above, the post-verbal negative particle si is also used to negate the first person singular nibi-kkan meaning 'eat' in example 2 below.[21] Ei3SGi-khan3:REAL:SG-eatsiNEGnavujbananaibi-skhan.3:IRR:SG-one.Ei i-khan si navuj ibi-skhan.3SG 3:REAL:SG-eat NEG banana 3:IRR:SG-one.He didn't eat a bananaIn Lingarak, verb constructions that express the meaning of existence, also known as existential constructions, are treated like other common verbs when being negated.[17] Thus, to negate the verb tokh in Lingarak which means ‘to exist’, only a si particle is required to follow it as shown in example 4 below.KuaPERFhēaiNEG:existheINDEFhuka.sugarKua hēai he huka.PERF NEG:exist INDEF sugarThere isn't any more sugarIn Lingarak, the aspect of continuity is expressed with mo.When a verb that is occurring continuously is negated, the si particle is used as an affix and is connected to the end of mo.Nimt-uv-uv1PL:INCL:IRR-REDUP-gomo-siCONT-NEGilCAUSnautplacei-met3SG:REAL-darkNimt-uv-uv mo-si il naut i-met1PL:INCL:IRR-REDUP-go CONT-NEG CAUS place 3SG:REAL-darkWe can't go anymore because it's darkIt should also be noted that the affixes mo- and -si in example 6 above are interchangeable in terms of affix order.[21] Ar3NSGat-rongil3PL:REAL-REDUP-leavevasnot yetdebCONTnemakidenizenLitslitsLitzlitzAr at-rongil vas deb nemaki Litslits3NSG 3PL:REAL-REDUP-leave {not yet} CONT denizen LitzlitzThey still don't know the people of Litzlitz yetIn Lingarak, verbs can be strung together to form a single complex nucleus.[17] Na1SGni-ver1:SG:REAL-sayteCOMPei3SGib-lav-bir3SG:IRR-get-break/winsiNEGNa ni-ver te ei ib-lav-bir si1SG 1:SG:REAL-say COMP 3SG 3SG:IRR-get-break/win NEGI said he didn't return itAs seen in example 10 above, the serialised verb construction ib-lav-bir, is negated with the post verbal particle si like all other typical scenarios of verb clause negation in Lingarak.[24] Nimkhutmani-vlem3SG:REAL-comesiNEGsurnearnesalroadNimkhut i-vlem si sur nesalman 3SG:REAL-come NEG near roadThe man didn’t come near the roadThere is also a repertoire of negative verbs in Lingarak.Gatheni-yel-yel3SG:REAL-REDUP-scoop-outmoCONTsiNEGi-vlem3SG:REAL-comeaiemhomeGa i-yel-yel mo si i-vlem aiemthen 3SG:REAL-REDUP-scoop-out CONT NEG 3SG:REAL-come homeThen she couldn't scoop out coconuts anymore and she came homeNegative 'if' conditions can be constructed using the post-verbal negative particle si in conjunction with reduplication[25] and besi (meaning 'if) as shown in example 17 below.Besiifman-jakhman-be.hereadrPLabit-ve-ve3PL:IRR-REDUP-dosiNEGim-gang3SG:IRR-like.soBesi man-jakh adr abit-ve-ve si im-gangif man-be.here PL 3PL:IRR-REDUP-do NEG 3SG:IRR-like.soIf only these men hadn’t done it like thatNumbers one through nine follow a quinary pattern.[26] Numbers in the form of ten or greater take on the form of a noun rather than a verb, as shown in the table below:[27] Clear cut numbers greater than ten contain the term 'nangavul nidruman':[28] ANA:anaphoric ANA:anaphoric demonstrative NPR:nominalizing prefix NSF:nominalizing suffix