Investment in post-invasion Iraq
Along with the economic reform of Iraq, international projects have been implemented to repair and upgrade Iraqi water and sewage treatment plants, electricity production, hospitals, schools, housing, and transportation systems.These include inadequate security, pervasive corruption, insufficient funding and poor coordination among international agencies and local communities.This investment slowed during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980 to 1988, but left Iraq in 1990 with a relatively modern electrical, water supply and sewerage system.[4] During the Gulf War of 1991 aerial bombardment caused severe damage to the electric grid that operated the pumping stations and other facilities for potable water delivery and sewage treatment.The sanctions imposed by the UN at the conclusion of the Gulf War exacerbated these problems by banning the importation of spare parts for equipment and chemicals, such as chlorine, needed for disinfection.In preparation for the October 2003 Madrid Donor Conference, the joint United Nations/World Bank team conducted an assessment of funding needs for reconstruction in Iraq during the period 2004-2007.[7][8] Funds held by the World Bank are disbursed directly to Iraqi government agencies including the Municipality of Baghdad and national ministries.Flour AMEC, LLC, Greenville, South Carolina, USA has been awarded nearly $1 billion for water, sewer of solid waste management systems.Washington Group International of Boise, Idaho, USA has received awards of $580 million for water resource reconstruction projects.The SIGIR reports and U.S. Congressional testimony of Stuart Bowen, the Inspector General, are a primary source of information on U.S. funded Iraq reconstruction's overall status.Estimates of the funds required to close the reconstruction gap are difficult to obtain because there is inadequate information on the cost-to-complete projects already in progress.[17] INGOs are not treated as neutral parties by large sections of the population due to their beginning operations alongside the invasion and receiving security and funding from the multinational force and the governments that it consists of.However, the Commander of the Multi-National Force-Iraq, General David Petraeus, announced in May, 2008 that oil and electricity production have exceeded pre-war levels as the "surge" and enlistment of local Iraqis in security forces has brought calm to many areas of the nation.It has been alleged that large amounts of American tax dollars and seized Iraqi revenues were lost by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA).[20] An article in the New York Times describes "irregularities including millions of reconstruction dollars stuffed casually into footlockers and filing cabinets, an American soldier in the Philippines who gambled away cash belonging to Iraq, and three Iraqis who plunged to their deaths in a rebuilt hospital elevator that had been improperly certified as safe.[25] Some say that the reconstruction would have been both much more efficient and inexpensive if more contracts were granted to local Iraqi firms, many of whom were shut out of the process due to the fact that they were state-owned.In 2012 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists reported that in the prior two years 70 American individuals and companies had won up to USD8 billion in contracts for post-war Iraq and Afghanistan, all of which donated to the successful presidential campaigns of US former president George W. Bush and were led by Dick Cheney before he was picked as Bush's running mate and subsequently elected vice president.Additionally in 2018 Iraqi officials said the Trump administration had been heavily pressuring the country to pick GE over Siemens which eventually happened later that year.Much of the efforts to rebuild Iraq's electrical infrastructure has been largely dependent on the repair and construction of transmission lines and substations by global engineering firms willing to work in hostile territories.A modern landfill, built to international environmental standards, is planned for southwest Baghdad, with the capacity to handle 2,230 cubic meters of waste per day.Health workers have not left the provinces for neighboring counties, as they have in sectarian Iraq, and new programs for continuing professional education in major Iraqi Kurdish cities reflect the optimism of the area.It remains to be seen whether non-governmental organizations and the Shiite-dominated central Iraqi government will take advantage of the enhanced security to enact sustainable services and other improvements.The Inspector General was prosecuted for corruption, and the Facilities Protective Service (FPS) commander was dismissed for running a Mafia-like organization, contributing weapons and manpower to terrorist and other gangs.Tahrir Square was originally part of Baghdad's central business district, and Phase I of the plan focuses on the redevelopment of this area.[4] When finished, the "commerce, banking, medical, housing, broadcast and IT, exhibition, conventions and cultural centers" of which the plan is comprised would be occupied by up to one-half million people.Prevailing views are that political and social instability in the region are making such developments unduly risky, despite a high projected return on investment.More visible efforts at reconstruction through private development, like architect and urban designer Hisham N. Ashkouri's Baghdad Renaissance Plan and the Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center have also been made.On 2 February 2012, Hadid joined Sinan al-Shabibi at a ceremony in London to sign the agreement between the bank and her firm for the design stages of the new building.
Al-Rahman MosqueBismayah New CityDiyala Governorateinfrastructure of IraqIraq Wareconomic reform of Iraqwater and sewage treatment plantshospitalsschoolstransportation systemsIraq Relief and Reconstruction FundCoalition Provisional AuthorityUnited NationsWorld BankGovernment of IraqInternational Compact with IraqUnited Nations Development GroupUS Army Corps of EngineersU.S. Agency for International DevelopmentBechtelParsons CorporationWashington Group InternationalKellogg, Brown and RootHalliburtonSymbion PowerSpecial Inspector General for Iraq ReconstructionInternational NGOsOverseas Development InstitutePhilip BloomNew York TimesHenry WaxmanInternational Consortium of Investigative JournalistsGeorge W. BushDick Cheneypublic procurementSiemensAdel Abdul MahdiGeneral ElectricTrump administrationElectricity in IraqWorld Food Programacute malnutritionBasrahlandfillwaste collectionwaste collectorswaste collection vehiclesHealth in IraqGulf Warinfant mortality rateIraqi KurdistanAl AnbarAl Qaeda in IraqInternational Healthnon-governmental organizationsProvincial Reconstruction TeamsarchitectHisham N. Ashkourisilt depositsTigris RiverBaghdadU.S. Department of CommerceSindbad Hotel Complex and Conference CenterFerris wheelIraqi-BritishZaha HadidIstanbulTurkeySinan al-ShabibiLondonher firmHistory of Iraqi insurgencyPost-invasion Iraq, 2003–20112003 Iraq war timelineDevelopment Fund for IraqNew Iraqi ArmyEconomy of IraqIraq oil law (2007)Iraq sanctionsTask Force for Business and Stability OperationsReconstruction of AfghanistanWayback MachineNew York Daily NewsIraqi conflictPrelude17 July RevolutionIranian Revolution1979 Ba'ath Party PurgeIran–Iraq WarBritishU.S. support for IraqChemical attacks against IranAnfal campaignIran–Contra affairInvasion of KuwaitNayirah testimonySanctions against IraqNo-fly zones1991 uprisingsUNSCOMArms-to-Iraq affairOil-for-Food ProgrammeInvestigationsSeptember 11 attacksAftermathWar on terror2001 anthrax attacksU.S. War in AfghanistanInvasionRationaleWMD claimsYellowcake uraniumAluminum tubesBiological weaponsChemical weapons"Curveball"Mobile weapon labsSaddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theoryPragueRicin claimsAmerican imperialismBush DoctrineWolfowitz DoctrineColin Powell's UN presentationDisarmament crisisUNMOVIC