Economic reform of Iraq
Opposition from senior Iraqi officials, together with the poor security situation, meant that Bremer's privatization plan was not implemented during his tenure,[2] though his orders remain in place.Order 39 laid out the framework for full privatization in Iraq, except for "primary extraction and initial processing" of oil, and permitted 100% foreign ownership of Iraqi assets.[4] These plans were canceled in September because negotiations had stalled for so long that the work could not be completed within the time frame, according to Iraqi oil minister Hussain al-Shahristani.[5] Bremer's transitional government featured figures close to the George W. Bush administration, such as grain-trading industry lobbyist Dan Amstutz, who was put in charge of agricultural policy in Iraq."[8] According to critics such as Naomi Klein, this order was designed to create as favorable an environment for foreign investors as possible, thereby allowing American and multinational corporations to dominate Iraq's economy.[9] Significant criticism has suggested these policies are fundamentally anti-democratic, that such rules can only be legitimate if passed by an elected Iraqi government free of foreign occupation.[19] In a December 2006 Newsweek International article, a study by Global Insight in London was reported to show "that Civil war or not, Iraq has an economy, and—mother of all surprises—it's doing remarkably well."[25] Proponents of this position state Resolution 1483 necessarily requires radical economic restructuring, so it allowed an exception to international law regarding occupation.
Coalition Provisional Authorityeconomy of IraqU.S.-led invasioncentrally planned economytariffs2003 Invasion of IraqprivatizingIraq's economyforeign investmentgovernment institutionsIraqi legal systeminternational investmentinfrastructure of IraqcorruptionBaghdadPaul Bremerfree marketcorporate taxrepatriateFederation of Oil Unions in IraqIraq hydrocarbon lawIraq oil lawIraqi Council of RepresentativesIraqi Oil Ministryno-bid contractsExxonMobilIraq Petroleum CompanyChevronHussain al-ShahristaniGeorge W. Bush administrationDan Amstutzforeign direct investmentinternational agreementNaomi Kleininternational tradeCPA Order 17immunitylegal processtax cutexemptedodiousodious debtParis ClubNewsweek InternationalGlobal InsightLondonU.S. Chamber of CommerceIraqi DinarSpeculatorsJim Cramerinternational lawGeneva ConventionsResolution 1483Iraq withdrawal benchmarksThe UN Security Council and the Iraq warInvestment in post-invasion IraqThe Shock DoctrineWayback Machinearchive.todayHistoryChronologyUbaid periodHassuna cultureHalaf cultureHalaf-Ubaid Transitional periodSamarra cultureUruk periodJemdet Nasr periodSubartuAkkadian EmpireGutian dynastyNeo-Sumerian EmpireIsin-Larsa periodFirst Babylonian EmpireOld Assyrian PeriodMiddle Assyrian EmpireKassite dynasty of the Babylonian EmpireSimurrum cultureBabyloniaAssyriaNeo-Assyrian EmpireNeo-Babylonian EmpireBabylonian captivityFall of BabylonAchaemenid AssyriaSeleucid BabyloniaParthian BabyloniaSassanid AsorestanMuslim conquest of MesopotamiaUmayyad CaliphateAbbasid CaliphateBuyid dynastyQara QoyunluAq QoyunluSafavidsOttoman IraqMamluk dynastyMandate for MesopotamiaMandatory IraqKingdom of IraqArab FederationRepublic1958–19681968–20032003–20112011–presentArab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq RegionNational CommandSaddam HusseinIraqi–Kurdish conflict1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes1977 Shia uprising in Iraq1979–1980 Shia uprising in IraqWeapons of mass destructionIran–Iraq WarOperation OperaInvasion of KuwaitGulf War1991 uprisingsSanctionsIraq WarU.S. invasionIraqi insurgencyU.S. troop withdrawalInsurgency (2011–2013)War (2014–2017)