Motivational salience

[5] Incentive salience is a cognitive process that grants a "desire" or "want" attribute, which includes a motivational component to a rewarding stimulus.[3] The "wanting" of incentive salience differs from "liking" in the sense that liking is the pleasure that is immediately gained from the acquisition or consumption of a rewarding stimulus;[9][10] the "wanting" of incentive salience serves a "motivational magnet" quality of a rewarding stimulus that makes it a desirable and attractive goal, transforming it from a mere sensory experience into something that commands attention, induces approach, and causes it to be sought out.[9][10] Incentive salience is regulated by a number of brain structures, but it is assigned to stimuli by a region of the ventral striatum known as the nucleus accumbens shell.[citation needed] In addiction, the "liking" (pleasure or hedonic value) of a drug or other stimulus becomes dissociated from "wanting" (i.e., desire or craving) due to the sensitization of incentive salience.[14][15][16] The reinforcing and motivational salience-promoting effects of amphetamine are mostly due to enhanced dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway.
Salience (neuroscience)cognitive processattentionobject, perceived event or outcomeamount of risk that an individual is willing to acceptoperant reinforcementdesirable outcomes, and pleasurable stimulioperant punishmentundesirable outcomes, and unpleasant stimuliaddictionbiopsychosocialalcoholaddictive drugreward systemsdependencedrug sensitizationdrug withdrawalphysical dependencedelirium tremenspsychological dependencereinforcingrewardingsensitizationsubstance use disordertolerancedesirerewarding stimuluspleasureventral striatumnucleus accumbens shelldopaminemesocorticolimbic projectiondopaminergic pathwayshedonic hotspotsventral pallidumintrinsically rewardingstimuliassociative learningdrug cuesreward sensitizationtransfer to the primary reinforcerdrug paraphernaliahedonicpathologicallyAmphetaminearousalmesolimbic pathwayConditioned place preferenceKent C. BerridgePavlovian-instrumental transferReward systemdopamine pathwaysventral tegmental areanucleus accumbensprefrontal cortexBerridge, KentReinforcementCocaineNicotineOpioidBehavioralGamblingShoppingPalatable foodIntercoursePornographyInternet addiction disorderInternet sex addictionVideo game addictionDigital media addictionsTranscriptionalNF-κBEpigeneticG9a-like proteinHDAC10Adverse childhood experiencesWithdrawalAlcoholismBarbiturateBenzodiazepineCaffeineCannabisTanning dependenceTreatment and managementAlcohol detoxificationDrug detoxificationCognitive behavioral therapyRelapse preventionContingency managementCommunity reinforcement approach and family trainingMotivational enhancement therapyMotivational interviewingMotivational therapyDrug rehabResidential treatment centerHeroin-assisted treatmentIntensive outpatient programMethadone maintenanceSmoking cessationNicotine replacement therapyTobacco cessation clinics in IndiaTwelve-step programAddiction recovery groupsList of twelve-step groupsHarm reductionDrug checkingReagent testingLow-threshold treatment programsManaged alcohol programModeration ManagementNeedle exchange programResponsible drug useStimulant maintenanceSupervised injection siteTobacco harm reductionAddiction medicineAllen CarrDiscrimination against drug addictsDopamine dysregulation syndromeCognitive controlInhibitory controlSober companion