Dopamine dysregulation syndrome

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is a dysfunction of the reward system observed in some individuals taking dopaminergic medications for an extended length of time.It typically occurs in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) or restless legs syndrome (RLS) who have taken dopamine agonist medications for an extended period of time.[3] Hypomania, manifesting with feelings of euphoria, omnipotence, or grandiosity are prone to appear in those moments when medication effects are at it’s maximum; dysphoria, characterized by sadness, psychomotor slowing, fatigue or apathy are typical with dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) withdrawal.[4] Dopamine has been related to the normal learning of stimuli with behavioral and motivational significance, attention, and most importantly the reward system.As the user increases drug intake there is a loss of dopaminergic receptors in the striatum which acts in addition to an impairment in goal-direction mental functions to produce an enhancement of sensitization to dopamine therapy.[5] Based upon five case reports,[9][10] valproate may have efficacy in controlling the symptoms of levodopa-induced DDS that arise from the use of levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[3] Previous substance abuse such as heavy drinking or drug intake seems to be the main risk factor along with a history of affective disorder.
Punding , a possible symptom of DDS, is the repetition of complex motor behaviors such as collecting or arranging objects.
A slot machine, commonly used for gambling.
skeletal formulaDopamine receptoragonistsSpecialtyNeurologyPsychiatrySymptomsDisinhibitionimpulsivityhypersexualityrepetitive and obsessive behavioraddictionoffending medicationComplicationsPsychosisdopamine agonistslevodopaMedicationAntipsychoticsvalproatereward systemdopaminergicdisinhibitedgambling addictioncompulsive sexual behaviorParkinson's diseaserestless legs syndromedopamine agonistPundingaggressivesymptom simulationbriberyHypomaniaeuphoriaomnipotencegrandiositydysphoriasadnesspsychomotor slowingfatigueapathydopamine replacement therapyimpulse-control disorderscompulsive gamblingcompulsive shoppingeating disordersneurodegenerative diseaseneuronssubstantia nigradopamineputamenpramipexoleropiniroleattentionaddictivehabituationstriatumgoal-direction mental functionssensitizationoverdosemood disorderdepressionanxietyquestionnairepsychotherapysocial supportrisk factorsantipsychotic drugssubstance abuseheavy drinkingaffective disorderCools RJ Clin Neurosci