Chakavian
The term Chakavian (noun čakavac) is first recorded in 1728 in the Ardelio Della Bella's Dizionario italiano-latino-illirico and in the beginning of the 19th century in Joakim Stulić's Lexicon latino–italico–illyricum, while adjective (čakavski) in Antun Mažuranić's analysis of Vinodol codex (1843).[9] In its almost thousand years, Chakavian has undergone many phonetic, morphological, and syntactical changes -- chiefly in the turbulent mainlands, but less in isolated islands.[29] At the suggestion of American linguist Kirk Miller in 2019, the Chakavian dialect was recognized by SIL International as a living language with its own ISO 639-3 code – ckm in 2020.[32] Domagoj Vidović [hr] openly criticized it as an example of ignorance and misunderstanding of the Croatian language as well as history, definition and characteristics of the so-called Chakavian dialect.Vidović relates it to the modern Croatian phenomenon of "linguistic separatism" which argues for finding a solution for preserving various Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian idioms from influence of Croatian standard language, although in Croatia various efforts are already made for their preservation and popularization, and the comparatively much longer influence of the Italian language on Chakavian is ignored.At the time the widespread belief was that individual ethnic nation must be historically characterized and identified with a specific language (which was argued pseudo-scientifically according interrogatory pronouns, yat reflex, and various historiographical theories usually related to De Administrando Imperio from the 10th century).[35][36][37][38][39] The terms of Chakavian and Shtokavian dialect were introduced to Croatian linguistics by Antun Mažuranić and Vjekoslav Babukić in the mid-19th century.[42][43] Furthermore, Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli wrote in 1919 that more than one third of the Chakavian spoken in Istria was loanworded from Neo-Latin (Romance) languages, a percentage similar to the one in the Gheg dialect of northern coastal Albania.1.-3, Koeln-Vienna, 1979–1983, edited by Croatian linguists Mate Hraste, Petar Šimunović and German linguist Reinhold Olesch; Janne Kalsbeek's work on The Čakavian Dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria (1998); Keith Langston's Cakavian Prosody: The Accentual Patterns of the Cakavian Dialects of Croatian (2006); Josip Lisac's Hrvatska Dijalektologija 2.[6] Chakavian literature uses many words of Latin, Dalmatian, and Italian origin due to the millennial long contacts with these languages.[7][50] There also exist significant differences in the lexicon between Northwestern and Southeastern groups of sub-dialects, showing there is no unique Chakavian language system.There were two zones of Chakavian, northern and southern (both mainly along the Adriatic coast and islands, with centres like Senj, Zadar, Split, Hvar, Korčula).[51] The early Shtokavian literary and philological output, mainly from Dubrovnik (1500–1600) up to Džore Držić, was essentially a mixed Shtokavian–Chakavian idiom.[56] Initially, the Chakavian dialect covered a much wider area than today: the major part of western-central and southern Croatia southwards of Kupa and westwards of Una river, bordering with the western and southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, including all the Eastern Adriatic islands northwest of Mljet, while substratum of Chakavian in Dalmatia possibly existed all the way to Dubrovnik.[77] According to their tonal (accentual) features, Chakavian dialects are divided into the following groups: Using a combination of accentual and phonological criteria, Croatian dialectologists Dalibor Brozović (1988) and Josip Lisac (2009) divide Chakavian into six (sub)dialects:[70][74] Besides the usual Chakavian (with typical pronoun "ča"), in some Adriatic islands and in eastern Istria another special variant is also spoken which lacks most palatals, with other parallel deviations called "tsakavism" (cakavizam): The largest area of tsakavism is in eastern Istria at Labin, Rabac and a dozen nearby villages; minor mainland enclaves are the towns Bakar and Trogir.
Northern Chakavian
Buzet dialect
Central Chakavian
Southern Chakavian
Southwestern Istrian
CroatiaSloveniaRačiceKozinaCroatsLanguage familyIndo-EuropeanBalto-SlavicSlavicSouth SlavicWestern South SlavicBurgenland CroatianNorthern ChakavianCentral ChakavianSouthern ChakavianSouthwestern IstrianSoutheastern ChakavianISO 639-3GlottologUnicodeSouth Slavic languagesSerbo-CroatianBosnianCroatianMontenegrinSerbianSlavonic-SerbianDialectsShtokavianYounger IkavianBunjevacSlavonianŠokacDubrovnikEastern HerzegovinianUžiceZeta–RaškaSmederevo–VršacŠumadija–VojvodinaPrizren–TimokPrizren–South MoravaGoraniSvrljig–ZaplanjeTimok–LužnicaBurgenlandMoliseKajkavianTorlakianEkavianIjekavianIkavianComparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and SerbianSlovenePrekmurje SloveneResianChurch SlavonicBulgarianMeshterskiMacedonianWesternSoutheasternNorthernSpoken MacedonianStandard MacedonianTransitional Bulgarian dialectsSlavic dialects of GreeceGaj's LatinSerbian CyrillicMacedonian CyrillicBohoričicaDajnčicaMetelčicaArebicaBosnian CyrillicGlagoliticEarly Cyrillicsupradialecthistorical regionsDalmatiaIstriaCroatian LittoralCentral CroatiaAdriatic CroatiaBurgenland CroatsAustriaHungarySlovakiaCroatian languageCroatian literatureMarko MarulićFaust VrančićIstrian land surveyVinodol codexJoakim StulićAntun MažuranićRagusadialect continuumRanko MatasovićAleksandar BelićStjepan IvšićPavle IvićDalibor BrozovićSlavonian dialectYounger Ikavian dialectgeneticallyMate KapovićSIL InternationalRed Book list on endangered languagesJosip BratulićItalian languageromantic nationalismDe Administrando ImperioJosef DobrovskýPavel Jozef ŠafárikJernej KopitarVuk KaradžićAugust LeskienYugoslav WarslinguisticsVjekoslav BabukićProto-SlavicProto-Indo-EuropeanRomance languagesItalianDalmatianVenetian