Resian dialect
This includes several villages, including (from west to east): San Giorno (Bilä, Bela), Prato di Resia (Ravanca), Gniva (Njïwa, Njiva), Criacis (Krïžaca, Križeca), Oseacco (Osoanë, Osojane), Carnizza (Karnïca, Karnica), Stolvizza (Solbica), Coritis (Korïto, Korito), and Uccea (Učja).[11] The Resia Valley is open to the west, where Friulian is spoken, and separated by tall mountains in other directions.To the south, it is bordered by the Musi (Mužci) Mountains, to the east by Mount Canin (Ćanen, Kanin), and to the north by Mount Sard (Žard), therefore limiting possible connections with neighboring dialects and languages, which in turn has led to so many distinct features of Resian dialect.Both areas remained connected until the 14th century, when sparsely populated Slovenes living in the Raccolana and Dogna Valleys started speaking Romance languages.There is no Slovene-speaking minority in that area today because it is mainly populated by Friulian and German speakers.[12] Standard Resian was developed by Han Steenwijk from the University of Padua and his colleagues Alfonso Barazzutti, Milko Matičetov, Pavle Merkù, Giovanni Rotta, and Willem Vermeer in the 1990s and continuing today.[14] At first it was suggested to base the standard language on a central microdialect, particularly that of Gniva (Njïva, Njiva), but later it was decided to allow four forms of standard Resian, based on the four microdialects of four larger villages: San Giorno (Bila, Bela), Gniva (Njïva, Njiva), Oseacco (Osoanë, Osojane), and Stolvizza (Solbica).[15] For other areas of grammar, only the microdialect of San Giorno can be used because it is the only one described in sufficient detail thanks to Steenwijk's extensive research.Han Steenwijk recorded 25 consonant phonemes in San Giorno (Bila, Bela) and then also generalized the pronunciation to the other three standard forms, which are definitely similar, except that Stolvizza (Solbica) has somewhat different allophones for /g/ and /x/.This is the accent system for San Giorno (Bila, Bela):[31] The evolution of Resian into such a distinct dialect happened gradually and in three stages.The first stage lasted until the 14th century; at that time, Resian was mostly influenced by the Gail Valley dialect.[37] Later, Resian followed the same patterns as the Jaun Valley dialect, such as *ie and *uo simplifying into *iə and *uə, *é and ó turned into *ẹ and *ọ, and the *sěnȏ > *sě̀no accent shift, as well as the merger of *ē and *ě̄.The aorist is completely unknown to living generations but it was still present in the 19th century, whereas the imperfect is actively used only with a handful of verbs and is now mostly used as a past conditional.According to the Italian linguist Bartoli, this grapheme is characteristic of the Ladin language of the eastern Alps and indicates the native Neolatin population's strong influence on Resian.[42] Notable linguists who have studied the dialect include Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay, Eric Hamp, Milko Matičetov, and Roberto Dapit.
Resia valleyLanguage familyIndo-EuropeanBalto-SlavicSlavicSouth SlavicWestern South SlavicSloveneLittoral dialect groupWriting systemRegulated byUniversity of PaduaISO 639-3GlottologItalianvarietySlovene dialectProvince of UdineSloveniaRosen Valley dialectEbriach dialectCarinthiacentralizedTorre Valley dialectSoča dialectFriulianBavariandefinitely endangered languageUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in DangerMunicipality of ResiaFriuli-Venezia GiuliaGail Valley dialectGermandeclensionSlavic languagesNatisone Valley dialectSerbo-Croatiandialect continuumstandard languagemutual intelligibilitycentralizationSlavic microlanguagepitch accentLabialDentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalPlosivevoicelessvoicedAffricateFricativeApproximantCentralunroundedroundedClose-midOpen-midNear-opendenasalizationobstruentsclitic doublingdefinite articleBulgarianMacedonianaoristimperfectPolishKashubianLower SorbianLadin languageISO basic Latin alphabetdiaeresisbilingual signAntoine de Saint-ExupéryThe Little PrinceJan Niecisław Baudouin de CourtenayEric HampIETF language tagsFriuliVenetian SloveniaSlovene LandsSlovene languageLjubljanaLogar, TineWayback MachineLanguages of ItalyAlbanianCatalanCroatianFrenchFranco-ProvençalGermanicOccitanRomaniSardinianWenzhouneseItalo-RomanceRegional ItalianTuscanFlorentineCentral-Northern LatianMarchigianoMarineseRomanescoSabinoIntermediate Southern (Neapolitan)BeneventanoBareseCastelmezzaneseCilentanIrpinianArianeseMolisanSouthern LatianTarantinoVasteseExtreme SouthernSalentinoMandurianoSicilianPantescoCorsicanGallurese