Auditory cortex
[3][4] The auditory cortex takes part in the spectrotemporal, meaning involving time and frequency, analysis of the inputs passed on from the ear.[7][8] Like many areas in the neocortex, the functional properties of the adult primary auditory cortex (A1) are highly dependent on the sounds encountered early in life.[citation needed] The auditory cortex forms groupings based on fundamentals; in music, for example, this would include harmony, timing, and pitch.Studies in the marmoset monkey have shown that pitch-selective neurons are located in a cortical region near the anterolateral border of the primary auditory cortex.The primary auditory cortex receives direct input from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and thus is thought to identify the fundamental elements of music, such as pitch and loudness.An evoked response study of congenitally deaf kittens used local field potentials to measure cortical plasticity in the auditory cortex.[24] This finding accords with a study by Eckart Altenmuller, in which it was observed that students who received musical instruction had greater cortical activation than those who did not.When subjects are exposed to three or four cycles of a 40 hertz click, an abnormal spike appears in the EEG data, which is not present for other stimuli.In a 2000 study by Kneif and colleagues, subjects were presented with eight musical notes to well-known tunes, such as Yankee Doodle and Frère Jacques.RMPFC is a subsection of the medial prefrontal cortex, which projects to many diverse areas including the amygdala, and is thought to aid in the inhibition of negative emotion.[30] Another study has suggested that people who experience 'chills' while listening to music have a higher volume of fibres connecting their auditory cortex to areas associated with emotional processing.[32] Due to the contralateral nature of the auditory system, the right ear is connected to Wernicke's area, located within the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the left cerebral hemisphere.
human brainNeuroNamesAnatomical terms of neuroanatomyCoronal sectionBrodmann area 22hippocampal formationsuperior temporal gyrustemporal lobevertebratesauditory systemhearinglanguage switchingtemporal lobeslateral sulcustransverse temporal gyriplanum temporaleBrodmann areas 41 and 42cochlear nucleuscortical deafnesstonotopycochleafunctional magnetic resonance imagingelectroencephalographyelectrocorticographyperceptioncorticallesiontumorsstrokesawarenessmidbrainNeuronsvisual cortextonotopic mapbrain scansmusical pitchexcitedmultiplesfrequencyJames Beamentharmonytimingparietalfrontalcerebral cortexauditory thalamuscerebral hemispheresrodentsrhesus monkeymammalselectrophysiologicalfunctional imagingsymphony orchestrajazz bandmodulationneurotransmittersnorepinephrinecellular excitabilitytemporal cortexalpha-1 adrenergic receptorglutamatergicexcitatory postsynaptic potentialsAMPA receptorsmedial geniculate nucleusthalamusloudnessevoked responselocal field potentialscortical plasticitygamma bandresonant frequenciesYankee DoodleFrère Jacqueselectroencephalogrammagnetoencephalogramomitted stimulus responseright hemispheretonalityprefrontal cortexblood-oxygen-level-dependentvoxelsmedial prefrontal cortexamygdalaemotiondichotic listeninganatomical terminologyNeuronal encoding of soundNoise health effectsBibcodeFrontal lobePrefrontalSuperior frontal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusInferior frontal gyrusPars orbitalisBroca's areaPars opercularisPars triangularisSuperior frontal sulcusInferior frontal sulcusPrecentralPrecentral gyrusPrecentral sulcusMedial frontal gyrusParaterminal gyrusParaolfactory areaStraight gyrusOrbital gyriOrbitofrontal cortexVentromedial prefrontal cortexSubcallosal areaOlfactory sulcusOrbital sulcusParacentral lobuleParacentral sulcusPrimary motor cortexPremotor cortexSupplementary motor areaSupplementary eye fieldFrontal eye fieldsParietal lobeSuperior parietal lobuleInferior parietal lobuleSupramarginal gyrusAngular gyrusParietal operculum