Art Deco
From its outset, it was influenced by the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes, and the exoticized styles of art from China, Japan, India, Persia, ancient Egypt, and Maya.His Stoclet Palace, in Brussels (1905–1911), was a prototype of the Art Deco style, featuring geometric volumes, symmetry, straight lines, concrete covered with marble plaques, finely-sculpted ornament, and lavish interiors, including mosaic friezes by Gustav Klimt.[25] At its birth between 1910 and 1914, Art Deco was an explosion of colours, featuring bright and often clashing hues, frequently in floral designs, presented in furniture upholstery, carpets, screens, wallpaper and fabrics.Many colourful works, including chairs and a table by Maurice Dufrêne and a bright Gobelin carpet by Paul Follot were presented at the 1912 Salon des artistes décorateurs.[26] The furniture designers Louis Süe and André Mare made their first appearance at the 1912 exhibit, under the name of the Atelier français, combining polychromatic fabrics with exotic and expensive materials, including ebony and ivory.[27] The vivid hues of Art Deco came from many sources, including the exotic set designs by Léon Bakst for the Ballets Russes, which caused a sensation in Paris just before World War I.The décor of the theatre was also revolutionary; the façade was decorated with high reliefs by Antoine Bourdelle, a dome by Maurice Denis, paintings by Édouard Vuillard, and an Art Deco curtain by Ker-Xavier Roussel.In 1905 Eugène Grasset wrote and published Méthode de Composition Ornementale, Éléments Rectilignes,[53] in which he systematically explored the decorative (ornamental) aspects of geometric elements, forms, motifs and their variations, in contrast with (and as a departure from) the undulating Art Nouveau style of Hector Guimard, so popular in Paris a few years earlier.In architecture, the clear contrast between horizontal and vertical volumes, specific both to Russian Constructivism and the Frank Lloyd Wright-Willem Marinus Dudok line, becomes a common device in articulating Art Deco façades, from individual homes and tenement buildings to cinemas or oil stations.There were 15,000 exhibitors from twenty different countries, including Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the new Soviet Union.The Hôtel du Collectionneur was a popular attraction at the Exposition; it displayed the new furniture designs of Emile-Jacques Ruhlmann, as well as Art Deco fabrics, carpets, and a painting by Jean Dupas."[77] However, Le Corbusier was a brilliant publicist for modernist architecture; he stated that a house was simply "a machine to live in", and tirelessly promoted the idea that Art Deco was the past and modernism was the future.The last buildings built in Paris in the new style were the Museum of Public Works by Auguste Perret (now the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council), the Palais de Chaillot by Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma, and the Palais de Tokyo of the 1937 Paris International Exposition; they looked out at the grandiose pavilion of Nazi Germany, designed by Albert Speer, which faced the equally grandiose socialist-realist pavilion of Stalin's Soviet Union.In Britain, Deco public statuary was made by Eric Gill for the BBC Broadcasting House, while Ronald Atkinson decorated the lobby of the former Daily Express Building in London (1932).One of the best known and certainly the largest public Art Deco sculpture is the Christ the Redeemer by the French sculptor Paul Landowski, completed between 1922 and 1931, located on a mountain top overlooking Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.The most prominent were Constantin Brâncuși, Joseph Csaky, Alexander Archipenko, Henri Laurens, Jacques Lipchitz, Gustave Miklos, Jean Lambert-Rucki, Jan et Joël Martel, Chana Orloff and Pablo Gargallo.The Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California, by Timothy Pflueger, had a colorful ceramic façade, a lobby four stories high, and separate Art Deco smoking rooms for gentlemen and ladies.In 1912 André Vera published an essay in the magazine L'Art Décoratif calling for a return to the craftsmanship and materials of earlier centuries and using a new repertoire of forms taken from nature, particularly baskets and garlands of fruit and flowers.This style was often expressed with exotic materials such as sharkskin, mother of pearl, ivory, tinted leather, lacquered and painted wood, and decorative inlays on furniture that emphasized its geometry.The costly and exotic furniture of Ruhlmann and other traditionalists infuriated modernists, including the architect Le Corbusier, causing him to write a famous series of articles denouncing the arts décoratif style.A notable example is found on the San Francisco waterfront, where the Maritime Museum building, built as a public bath in 1937, resembles a ferryboat, with ship railings and rounded corners.[138] A particular typology of the era was the Flapper, a woman who cut her hair into a short bob, drank cocktails, smoked in public, and danced late into the night at fashionable clubs, cabarets or bohemian dives.Another female Art Deco style was the androgynous garçonne of the 1920s, with flattened bosom, dispelled waist and revealed legs, reducing the silhouette to a short tube, topped with a head-hugging cloche hat.Cartier and the firm of Boucheron combined diamonds with colourful other gemstones cut into the form of leaves, fruit or flowers, to make brooches, rings, earrings, clips and pendants.[147] Other notable Deco glass designers included Edmond Etling, who also used bright opalescent colours, often with geometric patterns and sculpted nudes; Albert Simonet, and Aristide Colotte and Maurice Marinot, who was known for his deeply etched sculptural bottles and vases.Most of the buildings from this period can be seen spread throughout the city neighbourhoods in areas such as Churchgate, Colaba, Fort, Mohammed Ali Road, Cumbala Hill, Dadar, Matunga, Bandra and Chembur.The architectural style first appeared in Paris with the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées (1910–13) by Auguste Perret but then spread rapidly around Europe, until examples could be found in nearly every large city, from London to Moscow.In 1925, architect Albert van Huffel won the Grand Prize for Architecture with his scale model of the basilica at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris.[165] Art Deco in South America is especially present in countries that received a great wave of immigration in the first half of the 20th century, with notable works in their richest cities, like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Buenos Aires in Argentina.The Kavanagh Building in Buenos Aires (1934), by Sánchez, Lagos and de la Torre, was the tallest reinforced-concrete structure when it was completed and is a notable example of late Art Deco style.
Art Deco (disambiguation)Chrysler BuildingNew York CityChicago World's Fairhood ornamentRené Laliquearchitectureproduct designappeared in ParisWorld War IUnited StatesEuropeclothingocean linersInternational Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial ArtsVienna SecessionCubismFauvismBallets RussesPersiaancient Egyptchrome platingstainless steelEmpire State Buildingother buildings from the 1920s and 1930sMiami Beach, FloridaGreat DepressionStreamline ModerneWorld War IImodern architectureInternational StyleBrusselsFranceLe FigaroThéâtre de l'OpéraLouis XVIÉcole nationale des arts décoratifsThe TimesBevis HillierArt Deco of the 20s and 30sMinneapolis Institute of Artsreinforced concreteJoseph MonierAuguste PerretThéâtre des Champs-Élyséesceramic tilesLe Corbusierplate glassaluminiumWarren McArthurJosef HoffmannStoclet PalaceGustav KlimtWiener WerkstätteAndré MareLouis SüeSecession BuildingViennaJoseph Maria OlbrichChurch of St. LeopoldOtto WagnerAustrian Postal Savings BankEsposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa ModernaSalon d'AutomneMaurice DufrênePaul FollotSalon des artistes décorateursGeorge BarbierLouis CartierPaul PoiretÉmile-Jacques RuhlmannMusée d'OrsayChristofleBoucheronPrintempsLouis XIVLouis PhilippemotifsNikolai Rimsky-KorsakovSheherazadeLéon BakstJacques DoucetupholsteryAdrien KarbowskyHenri MatisseOrphismSonia DelaunayLes NabisAntoine BourdelleMaurice DenisHenri Sauvagefaçadehigh reliefsÉdouard VuillardKer-Xavier RousselLa Maison CubisteRaymond Duchamp-VillonFemme à l'ÉventailVyšehradJosef ChocholMánes Union of Fine ArtsPavel JanákJosef GočárDanseuse (Femme à l'éventail, Femme à la cruche)Joseph CsakySalon des Indépendantsart movementPaul CézanneSection d'OrAlbert GleizesJean MetzingerMarie LaurencinMarcel DuchampFernand LégerRoger de La FresnayeArmory ShowVaslav NijinskyGeorges BarbierRococoJacques DuboisWaddesdon ManorMuseum of Decorative ArtsBeaux Arts architectureJean BoucherLouis XVI styleJean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin