Space toilet
Kidneys detect the fluid movement and a physiological reaction causes the humans to need to relieve themselves within two hours of departure from Earth.[3] In the absence of gravity, space toilets use air flow to pull urine and feces away from the body and into the proper receptacles.For defecation, with a 4 inches (100 mm) diameter for the hole in the seat—much smaller than in a conventional toilet—the user's bottom needed to be exactly centered on the seat.NASA built a simulator with a video camera in the hole; those training used a crosshair to learn how to position their bodies, while other astronauts watched and made jokes.On the eight-day STS-3 test flight, the toilet had broken down, and its two-man crew (Jack Lousma and Gordon Fullerton) resorted to fecal containment devices (FCD) for waste elimination and disposal.[citation needed] An anomaly of the liquid disposal system on Discovery during its maiden flight resulted in a buildup of frozen excrements outside the orbiter, which was then removed by means of Canadarm.[12] A replacement pump was sent from Russia in a diplomatic pouch, so that Space Shuttle Discovery could take it to the station as part of mission STS-124 on June 2.The Skylab toilet, which was designed and built by the Fairchild Republic Corp. on Long Island, was primarily a medical system to collect and return to Earth samples of urine, feces and vomit, so that calcium balance in astronauts could be studied.Even with the facilities, astronauts and cosmonauts for both launch systems employ pre-launch bowel clearing and low-residue diets to minimize the need for defecation.[21][23] Among its innovations, the UWMS relies on a 3D printing technique to incorporate metals including Inconel, Elgiloy, and titanium that can withstand the acids used to treat urine within the toilet.
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