History of China–Japan relations
Important elements brought back from China (and some which were transmitted through Baekje to Japan) included Buddhist teachings, Chinese customs and culture, bureaucracy, architecture and city planning.The use of the Chinese model of Imperial government ceased by the tenth century, overtaken by traditional Japanese clan and family rivalries (Soga–Mononobe, Taira–Minamoto).The battle was part of the ancient relationships between the Korean Three Kingdoms (Samguk or Samhan), the Japanese Yamato, and Chinese dynasties.Yamato Japan was left isolated for a time and found itself having to forge ties with mainland Asia on its own, having had the most safe and secure pathway obstructed by a hostile Silla.After subduing the Mōri and Shimazu clans, Hideyoshi had the dream of eventually conquering China but needed to cross through Korea.In the Genroku era (1688–1704) a Chinese instructed his girlfriend on how to make plum blossom-shaped sugar and rice flour soft sweet called "kōsakō."After old Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown during the Meiji Restoration in the 1860s Japan initiated structural reforms resulting in rapid modernization, industrialization, militarization and imperialism modeled after the imperialistic Western powers.China's communications with the outside world were dramatically transformed in 1871 when the Great Northern telegraphic company opened cables linking Shanghai to Hong Kong, Singapore, Nagasaki, and Vladivostok, with connections to India and Europe.As part of its diplomatic opening China established legations in Tokyo, London, Berlin, Washington, Madrid, and St Petersburg in 1877–1880.[15] Japan, having built up a stable political and economic system with a small but well-trained army and navy, and far superior technology, surprised the world with its easy victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95.In the harsh Treaty of Shimonoseki of April 1895, China was forced to recognize the independence of Korea, and ceded to Japan Formosa, the Pescadores Islands and the Liaotung Peninsula.China further paid an indemnity of 200 million silver taels, opened five new ports to international trade, and allowed Japan (and other Western powers) to set up and operate factories in these cities.In the French-Japanese Entente of 1907, Paris secured Japan's recognition of the special interests France possessed in “the regions of the Chinese Empire adjacent to the territories” where they had “the rights of sovereignty, protection or occupation,” which meant the French colonial possessions in Southeast Asia as well as the French spheres of influence in three provinces in southern China—Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong.At different times it treated Sun Yat-sen in four different ways: lending support to his causes, keeping a neutral distance, prodding him to leave Japan, and suppressing his revolutionary inclinations.China declared war on Germany in August 1917 as a technicality to make it eligible to attend the postwar peace conference.The 21 points demanded immediate control of former German rights, 99 year leases in southern Manchuria, an interest in steel mills, and concessions regarding railways.[26][27][28] Japan provided financial support to Duan Qirui's administration through the Nishihara Loans, and also pressured him into signing the secret Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement in 1918.[29] The 1920s were years in which Japan looked to secure its economic interests through the treaty system, a policy that became unhinged in 1931 when, following the Mukden Incident in Manchuria, the Japanese adopted a more aggressive strategy of colonial annexation.The Japanese army in 1931 staged the Mukden Incident, using it as justification for the full-scale invasion of Manchuria and establishment of a puppet state, Manchukuo.This was primarily to prevent the United States deeming the conflict an actual war and thusly placing an embargo upon Japan as per the neutrality acts.By 1938, the United States increasingly was committed to supporting China and, with the cooperation of Britain and the Netherlands, threatening to restrict the supply of vital materials to the Japanese war machine, especially oil.the main American battle fleet was disabled, and in the next 90 days Japan made remarkable advances including the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Malaya and Singapore.[32] Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the US into the war, fighting in the Pacific, and Southeast, and Southwest Asia significantly weakened the Japanese.The Communist party inside Japan was tolerated, and it supported Mao Zedong's side of the civil war underway in China.The Chinese Communist Party was based on peasants and used these skilled men to update the technology, train local workers, and rebuild factories, mines, railways, and other industrial sites.[35] The Republic of China (ROC) administrated Taiwan after Japan's surrender, in accordance with a decision by the Allied Powers at the Cairo Conference in 1943.See more details in the section about World War II reparations and the statement by Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama (August, 1995).When Japan finally normalized relations with the People's Republic of China in 1972, the Chinese agreed not to pursue the issue of reparations.
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