Heat death of the universe

[4] The idea of heat death stems from the second law of thermodynamics, of which one version states that entropy tends to increase in an isolated system.The conjecture that all bodies in the universe cool off, eventually becoming too cold to support life, seems to have been first put forward by the French astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly in 1777 in his writings on the history of astronomy and in the ensuing correspondence with Voltaire.[5] The idea of heat death as a consequence of the laws of thermodynamics, however, was first proposed in loose terms beginning in 1851 by Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), who theorized further on the mechanical energy loss views of Sadi Carnot (1824), James Joule (1843) and Rudolf Clausius (1850).[8] The ideas in this paper, in relation to their application to the age of the Sun and the dynamics of the universal operation, attracted the likes of William Rankine and Hermann von Helmholtz.In a hypothesized "open" or "flat" universe that continues expanding indefinitely, either a heat death or a Big Rip is expected to eventually occur.[17] After that time, the universe enters the so-called Dark Era and is expected to consist chiefly of a dilute gas of photons and leptons.The analysis considers several possible assumptions that would be needed for estimates and suggests that the observable universe has more entropy than previously thought.[35][36] In Isaac Asimov's 1956 short story The Last Question, humans repeatedly wonder how the heat death of the universe can be avoided.In the 1995 computer game I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream, based on Harlan Ellison's short story of the same name, it is stated that AM, the malevolent supercomputer, will survive the heat death of the universe and continue torturing its immortal victims to eternity.In the 2011 anime series Puella Magi Madoka Magica, the antagonist Kyubey reveals he is a member of an alien race who has been creating magical girls for millennia in order to harvest their energy to combat entropy and stave off the heat death of the universe.In the last act of Final Fantasy XIV: Endwalker, the player encounters an alien race known as the Ea who have lost all hope in the future and any desire to live further, all because they have learned of the eventual heat death of the universe and see everything else as pointless due to its probable inevitability.In "Singularity Immemorial",[37] the seventh main story event of the mobile game Girls' Frontline: Neural Cloud, the plot is about a virtual sector made to simulate space exploration and the threat of the heat death of the universe.
Lord Kelvin originated the idea of universal heat death in 1852.
Heat Death of the Universe (disambiguation)HyperthermiaBig Freeze (disambiguation)Physical cosmologyBig BangUniverseAge of the universeChronology of the universeInflationNucleosynthesisGravitational wave (GWB)Microwave (CMB)Neutrino (CNB)Hubble's lawRedshiftExpansion of the universeFLRW metricFriedmann equationsInhomogeneous cosmologyFuture of an expanding universeUltimate fate of the universeLambda-CDM modelDark energyDark matterShape of the universeGalaxy filamentGalaxy formationLarge quasar groupReionizationStructure formationExperimentsBlack Hole Initiative (BHI)BOOMERanGCosmic Background Explorer (COBE)Dark Energy SurveyPlanck space observatorySloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")Wilkinson Microwave AnisotropyProbe (WMAP)AaronsonAlfvénAlpherCopernicusde SitterEhlersEinsteinFriedmannGalileoHawkingHubbleHuygensKeplerLemaîtreMatherNewtonPenrosePenziasSchmidtSuntzeffSunyaevTolmanWilsonZeldovichList of cosmologistsDiscovery of cosmic microwavebackground radiationHistory of the Big Bang theoryTimeline of cosmological theorieshypothesisthermodynamic free energyentropyphysicsthermodynamic equilibriumhyperbolic or flatcosmological constantLord Kelvintheory of heatmechanical energylaws of thermodynamicsextrapolatedheat death paradoxsecond law of thermodynamicsisolated systemasymptoticallyenergydissipationthermal energyJean Sylvain BaillyVoltaireinternal heatJupiterSadi CarnotJames JouleRudolf ClausiusHermann von HelmholtzWilliam Rankinefirst lawpotential energypalpable motionvis vivaentropy productionHelmholtzRankine"open" or "flat" universeBig Ripabsolute zeromattergalaxiesgalaxy clusterssupermassive black holesolar massesblack holessuperclustersphotonsleptonsinflationaryvacuum statefalse vacuumenergy statePoincaré recurrence theoremthermal fluctuationsfluctuation theoremquantum fluctuationsquantum tunnellingMax PlanckLászló TiszaHans Adolf BuchdahlGiovanni GallavottiElliott H. LiebJakob Yngvasonobservable universeLee SmolinThe Last QuestionLogopolisFull CircleI Have No Mouth, and I Must ScreamHarlan Ellisonshort story of the same namePuella Magi Madoka MagicaKyubeymagical girlsXeelee SequenceOuter WildsArrow of timeBig BounceBig CrunchCyclic modelEntropy (arrow of time)Timeline of the far futureOrders of magnitude (time)Thermodynamic temperatureZero-energy universeSimon & SchusterPlait, PhilipDeath from the Skies!Macmillan's MagazineBrush, Stephen G.Wise, M. NortonTransactions of the Royal Society of EdinburghPhilosophical Magazine IVProceedings of the Royal Society of EdinburghPhilosophical MagazineOxford University PressDyson, LisaKleban, MatthewSusskind, LeonardJournal of High Energy PhysicsBibcodeAdams, Fred C.Laughlin, GregoryReviews of Modern PhysicsPage, Don N.Physical Review DScienceTegmark, MaxScientific AmericanInternational Journal of Modern Physics BJournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle PhysicsCiteSeerXPlanck, MaxTisza, LászlóBuchdahl, H. A.Gallavotti, GiovanniLieb, Elliott H.Yngvason, JakobThe Astrophysical JournalSmolin, LeePhysics TodayThe Journal of Physical Chemistry CResults in ChemistryTimeline of the Big BangPlanck epochGrand unification epochElectroweak epochInflationary epochBaryogenesisQuark epochHadron epochLepton epochPhoton epochBig Bang nucleosynthesisRecombinationFate of the universeBig SlurpGlobal catastrophic risksFuture of the EarthChemical warfareCyberattackCyberwarfareCyberterrorismCybergeddonGray gooKinetic bombardmentKinetic energy weaponNuclear warfareMutual assured destructionDead HandDoomsday ClockDoomsday deviceAntimatter weaponElectromagnetic pulseSafety of high-energy particle collision experimentsMicro black holeStrangeletSynthetic intelligenceArtificial intelligenceAI takeoverExistential risk from artificial intelligenceTechnological singularityTranshumanismAnthropogenic hazardCollapsologyDoomsday argumentSelf-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttalSelf-referencing doomsday argument rebuttalEconomic collapseMalthusian catastropheNew World Order (conspiracy theory)Nuclear holocaustcobaltfaminewinterSocietal collapseState collapseWorld War IIIEcologicalClimate changeAnoxic eventBiodiversity lossMass mortality eventCascade effectCataclysmic pole shift hypothesisClimate change and civilizational collapseDeforestationDesertificationExtinction risk from climate changeTipping points in the climate systemFlood basaltGlobal dimmingGlobal terrestrial stillingGlobal warmingHypercaneIce ageEcocideEcological collapseEnvironmental degradationHabitat destructionHuman impact on the environmentcoral reefson marine lifeLand degradationLand consumptionLand surface effects on climateOcean acidificationOzone depletionResource depletionSea level riseSupervolcanoVerneshotWater pollutionWater scarcityEarth Overshoot DayOverexploitationOverpopulationHuman overpopulationExtinctionExtinction eventHolocene extinctionHuman extinctionList of extinction eventsGenetic erosionGenetic pollutionDecline in amphibian populationsDecline in insect populationsBiotechnology riskBiological agentBiological warfareBioterrorismColony collapse disorderDefaunationDysgenicsInterplanetary contaminationPandemicPollinator declineOverfishingCoronal mass ejectionCosmological phase transitionGeomagnetic stormFalse vacuum decayGamma-ray burstProton decayVirtual black holeImpact eventAsteroid impact avoidanceAsteroid impact predictionPotentially hazardous objectNear-Earth objectRogue planetRogue starNear-Earth supernovaHypernovaMicronovaSolar flareStellar collisionEschatologicalBuddhistMaitreyaThree AgesKali YugaLast JudgementSecond Coming1 EnochDanielAbomination of desolationProphecy of Seventy WeeksMessiahChristianFuturismHistoricismInterpretations of Revelation IdealismPreterism2 Esdras2 ThessaloniansMan of sinKatechonAntichristBook of RevelationEventsFour Horsemen of the ApocalypseLake of fireNumber of the BeastSeven bowlsSeven sealsThe BeastTwo witnessesWar in HeavenWhore of BabylonGreat ApostasyNew EarthNew JerusalemOlivet DiscourseGreat TribulationSon of perditionSheep and GoatsIslamicAl-Qa'imBeast of the EarthDhu al-QarnaynDhul-SuwayqataynDajjalIsrafilSufyaniJewishWar of Gog and MagogThird TempleZoroastrianSaoshyant2011 end times prediction2012 phenomenonApocalypseApocalyptic literatureApocalypticismArmageddonBlood moon prophecyEarth ChangesEnd timeGog and MagogList of dates predicted for apocalyptic eventsMessianismMessianic AgeMillenarianismMillennialismPremillennialismAmillennialismPostmillennialismNemesis (hypothetical star)Nibiru cataclysmRapturePosttribulation raptureResurrection of the deadWorld to comeAlien invasionApocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fictionList of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fictionList of apocalyptic filmsClimate fictionDisaster filmsList of disaster filmsZombie apocalypseZombieCentre for the Study of Existential RiskFuture of Humanity InstituteFuture of Life InstituteNuclear Threat InitiativeRansomwareDisasterDepressionFinancial crisisSocial crisisSurvivalism