Classification of Southeast Asian languages

The five established major language families are: A number of language groups in Arunachal Pradesh traditionally considered to be Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) may in fact constitute independent language families or isolates (Roger Blench 2011).Several macrofamily schemes have been proposed for linking multiple language families of Southeast Asia.None of these proposals have been accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics, though research into higher-level relationships among these languages has gained some renewed scholarly interest over the last three decades; the various hypotheses are still under investigation, and the validity of each has yet to be resolved.[2] Genetic similarities between the peoples of East and Southeast Asia have led some scholars such as George van Driem to speculate about "Haplogroup O languages".The following table compares the phonemic inventories of various recently reconstructed proto-languages of Southeast Asia.
The Dené–Caucasian proposal
Southeast AsianAustroasiaticAustronesianHmong–MienKra–DaiSino-TibetanArunachal PradeshTibeto-BurmanRoger BlenchLanguage isolates and independent language families in ArunachalDigaroHrusishMiji languagesPuroikSiangicKho-BwaAndamaneseGreat AndamaneseLanguage isolatessubstrataKenaboiEngganoPhilippine Negrito languagesManideUmiray DumagatmacrofamilyAustro-TaiLaurent SagartStanley StarostaLawrence ReidJaponicSino-AustronesianAustricPaul K. BenedictBengtsonNihaliEast AsianYangtzeDené–CaucasianYeniseianNorth CaucasianNa-DeneBurushaskiBasquelexicostatisticsSergei StarostinDené–DaicGeorge van DriemList of proto-languagesProto-AustronesianProto-Malayo-PolynesianProto-Malayic languageProto-OceanicProto-PolynesianProto-Kra–DaiProto-KraProto-Kam–SuiProto-HlaiProto-TaiProto-AustroasiaticProto-PalaungicProto-KhmericProto-AslianProto-MundaProto-Sino-TibetanOld Chinese languageProto-Tibeto-BurmanProto-LoloishProto-KarenicProto-Hmong–MienProto-Mienicproto-languagesSoutheast AsiaProto-languageProto-Mon–KhmerLanguages of ChinaSEAlang LibraryWriting systems of Southeast AsiaWiktionaryvan Driem, GeorgeMon-Khmer StudiesBengtson, JohnNorthern Illinois UniversityLanguage familiesEurasiaEuropeIndo-EuropeanAfroasiaticUralicTurkicIberianTartessianPaleo-CorsicanPaleo-SardinianCamunicLigurianNorth PiceneRutulianSicanianTyrsenianEteocretanEteocypriotMinoanWest AsiaHatticKaskianHurro-UrartianKassiteGutianSumerianElamiteCaucasusKartvelianNortheast CaucasianNorthwest CaucasianSouth AsiaDravidianKusundaHarappanEast AsiaMongolicTungusicKoreanicIndian OceanSentineleseNorth AsiaPaleosiberianChukotko-KamchatkanYukaghirRouranEskaleutXiongnuAlarodianAltaicBoreanNostraticEurasiaticDené–YeniseianDravido-KoreanElamo-DravidianIbero-CaucasianIndo-HittiteIndo-PacificIndo-SemiticIndo-UralicKarasukSerbi–MongolicPonticUral-AltaicUralo-SiberianUralic–YukaghirEskimo–UralicChukotko-Kamchatkan–AmuricArunachalGreater SiangicMijiicAustronesian–OnganAtlanticPre-CelticPre-GermanicPre-GoidelicPre-GreekVasconicPre-VedicPre-Finno-UgricPaleo-LaplandicProto-EuphrateanAustroasiatic languagesBahnaricHalangKayongKacoʼTodrahSedangBahnarRengaoNyaheunSapuanTariangTampuanStiengRaʼongMel-KhaonhKatuicPhuongVieticVietnameseNorthern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southernin Chinain the USMườngNguồnMalengThavưngCuốiKhmuicKsingmulPhong-KniangMlabriPearicCentral ChongKasongSa'ochSomrayWestern ChongKhasi–PalaungicKhasicLyngngamMaharamPalaungicPalaungAngkuicMan MetMeung YumSavaiqBit-KhangQuảng LâmKhángBumangTai LoiBirjiaBirhorMundariMajhwarAgariyaSantaliKhariaNicobareseChauraTeressaCentralNancowryCamortaKatchalSouthern NicobareseShompenAslianJahaicCheq WongKensiuKintaqMinriqMintilTen'ednSenoicSabümSemnamTemiarSouthernMah MeriSemaq BeriSemelaiJah HutNorthern Khmer (Surin Khmer)Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)Khmer KheMảngNyah KurPakanicextinct languagesvarietiesKra–Dai languagesBuyangQabiaoKam–SuiCao MiaoMaonanChadongAi-ChamLakkiaBouhinLauhutTongzhaZanduiBaotingChangjiangMoyfawBaishaYuanmenJiamaoJizhaoZhuangNorthernStandard ZhuangBouyeiHezhang BuyiYei ZhuangLongsang ZhuangTai YoTai PaoNong ZhuangDai ZhuangMin ZhuangYang ZhuangPyang ZhuangMyang ZhuangTsʻün-LaoSouthwesternTai YaTai NueaTai LongTai HongjinKhamtiTai LaingKhamyangTurungPhu ThaiLao NyoKaloengNorthern ThaiTai DaengTai MeuayTai DónTai Hang TongTai LueTai DamThai SongTày TacSouthern ThaiTai Muong VatTai ThanhTai KhangCao Lanmixed originsKam–TaiHmong–Mien languagesHmongicBahengicPa-HngHm NaiKiong NaiYounuoWest HmongicSmall FloweryBig FloweryMashanGuiyangMo PiuHuishuiPingtangLuoboheDongjiaBu–NaoNao KlaoRaojiaNá-MeoSanqiaoMienicIu MienBiao MonKim MunBiao MinDzao MinYangchun Pai YaoMixed languagesLinglingMaojiaBadong YaoYeheniShe ChineseYounianProto-HmongicArunachal languagesSiang (Adi)Mising (Plains Miri)ApataniTangamBangni-TaginHill Miri (Sarak)GallongDigaro (Northern Mishmi)Digaro (Taraon)MilangBugun (Khowa)SherdukpenSartangMiju–MeyorZakhring (Meyor)HimalayasHimachalUttarakhandSikkimWest HimalayishTamangicNewaricBaram–ThangmiKirantiDhimalishDhimalLhokpuLepchaGreater MagaricMagaricChepangicChepangBhujelRaji–RauteTandrangeBhutanBodishTibeticEast BodishTshanglaGongdukChamdoMyanmarKuki-ChinHkongsoAngami–PochuriMeiteiTangkhulicBoro–GaroKonyakJingpho–LuishSiniticNungishKarenicCai–LongCaijiaLongjiaBurmo-QiangicQiangicGyalrongicErsuicLolo-BurmeseMondzishBurmishLoloishDubiousisolatesSonglinIdu–TaraonCentral Tibeto-BurmanKuki-Chin–NagaMacro-BaiMahakirantiTibeto-KanauriProto-MinProto-HakkaBodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languagesWest Himalayish(Kanauric)KinnauriChitkuli KinnauriPattaniTinaniRongpoZhangzhungRangasDarmiyaByangsiDhuleliChaudangsiCentral Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)Standard TibetanAmdo TibetanGserpaKhalongmDungnagKhams TibetanZhonguDongwangDrugchuZitsadeguSikkimeseDzongkha (Bhutanese)KhambaLunanaBrokkatBrokpaChochangachakhaLadakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)LadakhiZangskariChangthangLahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)Spiti BhotiNyamkatBhoti KinnauriSherpaKyirong–KagateKyirongKagateGyalsumdoBumthangKurtöpTamangGurungThakaliManangChantyalKutangGreater Magaric languagesRaji-RauteKiranti languagesThulungWambuleJerungKhalingBahingSunwarTilungKulungNachhiringSampangBantawaChamlingDungmaliYakkhaBelhareAthpareChintangChulungYamphuLohorungMewahangMahakiranti languagesTani languagesKuki-Chin–Naga languagesSouthern Naga(Northwestern)ChotheKharamKoirengLamkangMonsangRanglongSorbungThadouGangteSizangVaipheiHrangkholSakachepPangkhuSaihriemDarlongMaraicSenthangZotungKhomicMro-KhimiRengmitcaThaiphumKʼchòNga LaWelaungRungtuSonglaiAo (Central Naga)Chungli AoMongsen AoLong PhuriSangtamYimchungrüMakuryAngamiChokriSopvomaPochuriNtenyiRengmaTangkhulAkyaung AriKachaiHuishuChamphungSuansuChallowKongaiMaringZemeic (Western Naga)LiangmaiRongmeiMziemeKhoiraoAmri KarbiSal (Brahmaputran) languagesBoroicDimasaKokborokBarmanKachariKochicKonyak(Northern Naga)WanchoKhiamniunganLeinongMakyamTangsaJingpho (Kachin)SingphoLuish (Asakian)ChakpaKarenic languagesKayah (Karenni)Padaung (Kayan)BlimawNorthern Pwo (Phlong)Western PwoEastern Pwo (Phlou)NamuyiShixingNorthern QiangSouthern QiangEast GyalrongicJaphugTshobdunWest GyalrongicKhroskyabsTangutLarongDrag-yabLolo-Burmese languagesMantsiMuangpheMauphuMotangMongphuSouthern LoloishHanoidChepyaMuteunNuomeiLuomianAngluoGuozuoBaihongBukongBisoidLaomianLaopinPhunoiSinsaliCantanCốôngSangkongTsukongLaopanLaosengPhongkuPhongsetPhunyotBantangKhongsatSiloidPhana’WanyäCentral LoloishLawoishKucongZauzouLisoishLalo (Western Yi)YangliuMangdiXuzhangTaloidLang'eKua-nsiKuamasiLaizisiZibusiSonagaGomotageTolozaLolopo (Central Yi)HlersuKazhuoishNisoishNorthern LoloishNuosu (Northern Yi)Nyisu (Yellow Yi)Nasu (Eastern Yi)Southeastern LoloishNisu (Southern Yi)Sani (Southeastern Yi)AlingpoKhlulaLaghuuPhukhaThophoZokhuoAchangChashanLhao Vo (Maru)Intha-DanuBurmeseRakhineTavoyanPai-langextinctChinese languageSinitic languagesMajor linguistic groupsMandarinNortheasternChangchunHarbinShenyangBeijingTaiwanTianjinJiaoliaoDalianQingdaoWeihaiCentral PlainsDongpingGangouGuanzhongLuoyangXuzhouDunganXinjiangSichuaneseChengdu–ChongqingMinjiangLeshanZigongKunmingNanpingGui–LiuWumingJianghuaiNanjingNantongLanyinJunjiahuaQinjiangZhangjiakou–HohhotZhi–YanShanghaiSuzhouChangzhouHangzhouShaoxingNingboJinxiangJiangyinTaizhou WuTaizhouTiantaiWenzhouRui'anWenchengWuzhouJinhuaChu–QuQuzhouJiangshanQingtianXuanzhouXuanchengHuizhouChang–DuNanchangYi–LiuYing–YiDa–TongChangyiChangshaLoushaoShuangfengXiangxiangWugangJi–XuYong–QuanQiyangEasternFuzhouFuqingChangleNingdeManjiangZhongshanLongduNanlangPu–XianPutianXianyouHokkienQuanzhouZhangzhouChawanPhilippinesPenangSingaporeSouthern MalaysiaTeochewSwatowHaklauPontianakSanxiangZhenanLongyanLeizhouZhanjiangHainanWenchangHaikouJian'ouJianyangShao–JiangChangtingMeixianSingkawangSixianRaopingTingzhouYuehaiGuangzhouHong KongMalaysiaXiguanJiujiangWeitouDapengTaishanGao–YangGoulouWu–HuaYong–XunLuo–GuangQin–LianPinghuaTongdaoShaozhou TuhuaXiangnan TuhuaDanzhouShehuaWaxiangCai-LongStandard forms of ChineseStandard ChineseTaiwanesePhilippineMalaysianSingaporeanStandardSingdarinCantoneseHistoryOld ChineseEastern HanMiddle ChineseOld MandarinMiddle MandarinBa–ShuHistoricalOld NationalNorthern WuLiterary and colloquial readingsGrammarNumeralsClassifiersHonorificsCantonese grammarClassical grammarChengyuXiehouyuClassicalAdoptionin Japanin VietnamVernacularWritten CantoneseWritten DunganWritten HokkienWritten SichuaneseScriptsLogographicScript stylesOracle boneBronzeClericalSemi-cursiveCursiveChinese charactersSimplifiedTraditionalPunctuationBrailleMainland ChineseTwo-cellRomanizationGwoyeu RomatzyhHanyu PinyinMPS IIPostalTongyong PinyinWade–GilesLessing-OthmerCyrillizationBopomofoCantonese BopomofoTaiwanese Phonetic SymbolsTaiwanese kanaTaiwanese HangulXiao'erjingNüshuInput methodsBiaoxingmaCangjieStroke countWubi (Wang Ma)ZhengMaPinyinGoogleMicrosoftList of varieties of ChineseAustronesian languagesFormosanTsouicNorthern FormosanEast FormosanMalayo-PolynesianNorthwest Sumatra–Barrier IslandsLampungJavaneseMadureseBali–Sasak–SumbawaBatanicNorthern LuzonCentral LuzonNorthern MindoroGreater Central PhilippineKalamianSouth MindanaoSangiricMinahasanBaritoGreater North BorneoSabahanNorth SarawakanMelanau–KajangKayan–MurikLand DayakSundaneseRejangMoklenicCelebicBungku–TolakiMuna–ButonSaluan–BanggaiTomini–TolitoliSouth SulawesiMakassarNorthern South SulawesiSumba–FloresFlores–LembataSelaruKei–TanimbarTimoricCentral MalukuHalmahera SeaCenderawasihOceanicAdmiraltySt. MatthiasTemotuSoutheast SolomonicMicronesianCentral PacificWesternMeso-MelanesianNorth New GuineaPapuan Tipextinct statusFormosan languagesSakizayaKavalanKetagalanSirayaicSirayaTaivoanAtayalicAtayalSeediqBabuzaFavorlangPapora-HoanyaPazeh–KaxabuSaisiyatKanakanavuSaaroaPaiwanPuyumaMicronesian languagesNauruanKosraeanGilberteseMarshalleseChuukic–PohnpeicChuukicSonsorolTobianChuukeseWoleaianUlithianPuluwateseNamonuitoTanapagCarolinianSatawaleseMortlockesePááfangPohnpeicMokilesePingelapesePohnpeianNgatikeseCentral Pacific languagesRotumanNamosi-Naitasiri-SeruaWestern FijianFijianGone DauLomaivitiPolynesianNuclearPolynesianTuvaluanSikaianaOntong JavaNukumanuNuguriaKapingamarangiNukuoroPukapukanSamoicSamoanTokelauanNiuatoputapuHawaiianMarquesanMangarevanTahitianAustralTuamotuanCook Islands MāoriRakahanga-ManihikiTongarevaMāoriMorioriRapa NuiWallisian (East Uvean)West UveanFutunan (East Futunan)Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)RennelleseTikopiaMele-FilaTongicTonganNiueanNiuafo'ouLanguages of Asia Sovereign statesAfghanistanArmeniaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBruneiCambodiaCyprusEast Timor (Timor-Leste)GeorgiaIndonesiaIsraelJordanKazakhstanNorth KoreaSouth KoreaKuwaitKyrgyzstanLebanonMaldivesMongoliaPakistanRussiaSaudi ArabiaSri LankaTajikistanThailandTurkeyTurkmenistanUnited Arab EmiratesUzbekistanVietnamStates withlimited recognitionAbkhaziaNorthern CyprusPalestineSouth OssetiaDependenciesBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) Islands