Southeast Asia

The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as Indochina by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and its having cultural influences from both neighbouring regions.[46] Distinct Homo sapiens groups, ancestral to Eastern non-African (related to East Asians as well as Papuans) populations, reached the region by between 50,000BC to 70,000BC, with some arguing earlier.[52] Distinctive Basal-East Asian (East-Eurasian) ancestry was recently found to have originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively.Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyre, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean.[59][60] Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.[66] Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states.It then spread into Southeast Asia via the Bay of Bengal, Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in the region.Mahayana Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to Nalanda.[77] Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia that resisted conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks in Kalimantan, the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar.[84][85] In the first century, the Funan states centered in Mekong Delta were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand.Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali came under its influence.Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and southern Philippines, making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, Maluku, and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spaniards years later, which they used to trade between Asia and Latin America.Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago.During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies under the concept of "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere".Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,503 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia.The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 metres (19,577 feet) and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.These islands are not biogeographically, geologically or historically linked to mainland Asia, and are considered part of Oceania by the United Nations, The World Factbook, and other organisations.[130] The Oceania region is politically represented through the Pacific Islands Forum, a governing body which, up until 2022, included Australia, New Zealand and all independent territories in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.Several countries of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership.[143] Due to land subsidence, Jakarta is sinking so much (up to 28 cm (11 in) per year between 1982 and 2010 in some areas[149]) that by 2019, the government had committed to relocate the capital of Indonesia to another city.The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the orangutan, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros, and the Bornean clouded leopard can also be found.As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment.The nations of the region, with only a few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna.The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities.[164] Furthermore, Vietnam is considered as a growing power in Southeast Asia due to its large foreign investment opportunities and the booming tourism sector.Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the Hoa in Vietnam.In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines, and Papua in eastern Indonesia.The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the CIA World Factbook:[185] Each of the languages has been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well.Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early seventh century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism.
States and regions of Southeast Asia
The UN Statistics Division for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories: [ 31 ]
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
Northern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
A political map of Southeast Asia
The depiction of a bull found in the Lubang Jeriji Saleh , Indonesia , in 2018, is considered among the world’s oldest known figurative paintings. The painting is estimated to have been created around 40,000 to 52,000 years ago, or even earlier.
Gunung Padang , the largest megalithic site in Southeast Asia.
The Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Maritime Southeast Asia.
Bronze drum from Sông Đà , northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC
Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia.
Borobudur temple in Central Java , Indonesia
Angkor Wat in Siem Reap , Cambodia
Khmer army waging war with war elephants against the Cham in the 12th century, stone relief at the Bayon
Wapauwe Old Mosque is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414
Strait of Malacca
Fort Cornwallis in George Town marks the spot where the British East India Company first landed in Penang in 1786, thus heralding the British colonisation of Malaya
Duit , a coin minted by the VOC , 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit
Relief map of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia map of Köppen climate classification
Under the highest-emission scenario, Southeast Asian countries would see substantial reductions in seafood available from their exclusive economic zones by 2050 [ 140 ]
Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in Indonesia and the Philippines .
Komodo dragon in Komodo National Park , Indonesia
The Mayon Volcano , Philippines
The Philippine eagle
Wallace's hypothetical line divides Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deepwater of the Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali and Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side
The Port of Singapore is the busiest transshipment and container port in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia
Proton Persona is one of the indigenously developed car model by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Proton
Population pyramid of South East Asia in 2023
Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).
Ati woman in Aklan , Philippines – the Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.
Balinese people of Indonesia
Burmese puppet performance
Paddy field in Vietnam
The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Paris, France 2010)
The angklung , designated as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Thai manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system
Sign in Balinese and Latin script at a Hindu temple in Bali
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ChinaGolden Triangle (Southeast Asia)List of Southeast Asian mountainsSoutheast Asian MassifCIA World FactbookIndonesian ArchipelagovolcanicallyupliftsPuncak JayaHkakabo RaziMount EverestMayon VolcanoactiveeruptionBoundaries between the continents of EarthIndonesian regionWest PapuaUnited NationsThe World FactbookPacific Islands ForumNew ZealandMelanesiamulticulturalEuropean AustralianKöppen climate classificationtropical climatemonsoonstropical rain beltAmazon rainforestsubtropical climatecold wavesSiberian Highrain shadowArakan Mountainssemi-aridSouth Central Coastsemi-arid climateClimate change in Asiaexclusive economic zonesmitigation measuresvulnerableclimate changeprecipitationirrigationSea level riseland subsidencesinkingcapital of Indonesiacoral reefsvolcanoesSoutheast Asian coral reefsKomodo National ParkorangutanAsian elephantMalayan tapirSumatran rhinocerosBornean clouded leopardbinturongPalawanSumatran tigerMalayan tigerIndochinese tigerKomodo dragonKomodoFloresGili MotangPhilippine eaglenational birdwild water buffaloBubalusdomestic Asian water buffalomouse deergreen peafowldrongobabirusasoil erosionJavan rhinocerosLombok StraitLombokbiodiversityRaja Ampatwhale sharksea turtlesSoutheast Asia is facing severe deforestationendangered speciesplant speciesslash and burnASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution2013 Southeast Asian HazePort of Singaporetransshipmentcontainer portSpaniardsManila galleonKingdom of Portugaloverseas Chinesesouthern ChinaCommunist RevolutionPetronasAsia-America Gateway2006 Hengchun earthquakesProton PersonaProtonemerging marketlargest economynewly industrialised countryG-20 major economiesInternational Monetary FundSouth AfricaGeorgiaCurrencyNominal GDPGDP per capitaGDP growthInflationMain industriesBrunei dollarUS DollarRupiahRinggitSingapore dollarĐồngEthnic groups of Southeast AsiaNegritosBalinese peopleKra-DaiHmong-MienDravidiansIndo-AryansAsliansPapuansAustralian AboriginesMalaysBumiputerasIndiansBidayuhsSarawakKadazan-DusunsLabuanBruneian MalaysKedayansSouthern ThailandVisayansCebuanosWaraysHiligaynonsTagalogsIlocanosBicolanosMoro peoplesMindanaoTausugMaranaoMaguindanaoKapampangansPangasinansSurigaononsIfugaoKalingaKamayoCuyononIvatanShan peopleKaren peopleRakhine peopleChin peopleKayah peopleRohingya peopleNorthern Thais or LannaSouthern Thais or Pak ThaiIsan peopleLao peopleNorthern KhmersHmongsKhmersKhmer LoeuBuddhism in Southeast AsiaHinduism in Southeast AsiaShenism in Southeast AsiaMuslim Southeast AsiaChristianity in AsiaSouthern PhilippinesZoroastrianismBaháʼíGarudaphoenixVishnuBalinese Hinduismanimismancestor worshipMyanmar (Burma)Vietnamese folk religionClassification schemes for Southeast Asian languagesSino-Tibetan languagesAustroasiatic languagesAustronesian languagesHmong–Mien languagesTai–Kadai languagesMurutic languageLun BawangPapuanManadoMakassareseBatak DairiMandailingJambi MalayMongondowGorontaloKenyahNorth MoluccanUab MetoManggaraiToraja-Sa'danKomeringRejangSumbawaBangka MalayBungku-Tolaki languagesMoroneneBungkuBahonsuaiKulisusuWawoniiMori BawahMori AtasTomadinoLewotobiLampungTolakiMa'anyanSimeulueMandarMinahasanEngganoTernateTidoreMairasiEast Cenderawasih LanguageLakes Plain LanguagesTor-KwerbaNimboranSkou/SkoBorder languagesSenagiPauwasiHokkienTeochewPunjabiLanguages of IndonesiaDaro-MatuKedah MalaySabah MalayBrunei MalayKelantan MalayPahang MalayFuzhouneseBrunei BisayaOkolodKota Marudu TalantangKelabitTerengganu MalaySemelaiMah MeriMelanauTemuanTemiarIranunLundayeh/Lun BawangLanguages of MalaysiaBisayan languagesAklanonKinaray-aCapiznonRomblomanonSurigaononButuanonIbanagSama-BajawSpanishLanguages of the PhilippinesSinglishLanguages of SingaporeList of cities in ASEAN by populationBrunei-MuaraPhnom Penh CityKandalJabodetabekSouth TangerangGerbangkertosusilaSidoarjoGresikMojokertoLamonganBangkalanBandung metropolitan areaCimahiSumedangWest BandungVientiane PrefectureTha NgonGreater Kuala LumpurKlang ValleySelangorGeorge Town ConurbationIskandar MalaysiaGreater Kota KinabaluYangon RegionThanlyinMetro ManilaMakatiTaguigCaloocanMetro DavaoIsland Garden City of SamalMetro CebuMandaueLapu-Lapu CityTalisay CityBangkok Metropolitan RegionNonthaburiSamut PrakanPathum ThaniSamut SakhonNakhon PathomEastern Economic CorridorChachoengsaoChonburiRayongHo Chi Minh City Metropolitan AreaVũng TàuBình DươngĐồng NaiHanoi Capital RegionHà NộiHải PhòngHạ LongDa Nang CityĐà NẵngHội AnSoutheast Asian cinemaSoutheast Asian GamesSoutheast Asian musicChina's sphere of influencecuisine of SingaporeEast Asian cultural spherePaddy fieldRice paddyBanaue Rice TerracesStilt housesgamelanchopsticksfish saucesRoyal Ballet of Cambodiaarts of Southeast AsiaCambodian royal balletApsara Dancewayangwayang kulitRamayanaUNESCOMasterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of HumanitylacquerwareMusic of Southeast Asiaangklunggong chimepiphatpinpeatkulintangWriting systems of Southeast AsiaBaybayinJawi scriptS.E.A. 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