Nature reserve
Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws.[1] Early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the 'evil forest' areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there.[2] The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton around his estate in Walton Hall, West Yorkshire.Waterton invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, western jackdaws and sand martins; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy.[10] Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than three percent of the area or 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres), whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research.The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba (35,600 square kilometres (13,700 sq mi)) in the southeast, on the Red Sea coast.On 16 March 1959, the British established the Yob Wildlife Reserve in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of Nubian ibex in the area.Examples include unique alpine plants at Upper Teesdale and the field of snake's head fritillaries at North Meadow, Cricklade, Wiltshire.They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife.A good example is Rye Harbour Nature Reserve in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats.[20] India's 18 biospheres extend over a total of 85,940 km2 (33,180 sq mi) and protect larger areas than typical national parks in other countries.The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the Arabian oryx, gazelles, ostriches, and Persian onagers in their natural environment.By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves (Kyrgyz: корук, koruk) in Kyrgyzstan covering 600,000 hectares (6,000 km2) or about three percent of the total area of the country.Under these classifications, the Department of Conservation administers more than 80,000 square kilometres (31,000 sq mi)—nearly 30% of the nation's total area—with at least some degree of protection.Some of these reserves include Ecological Islands, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help rebuild the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators.For example, O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation, Or El Ostional Private Wildlife Reserve, was established within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor by retired FDNY firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased 46 acres (0.19 km2) of land for the purpose of restoring the ecological system of a dry tropical forest, ravaged during the Nicaraguan Revolution.[23] There are around 100 nature reserves (Russian: заповедник, romanized: zapovednik) in Russia, covering some 330,000 km2 (130,000 sq mi), or about 1.4% of the country's total area.Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area.The Prince Edward Islands, which are South African territories in the Southern Ocean, have been declared a special nature reserve.According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area.
Biological reserve (Brazil)Man and the Biosphere ProgrammeJefferson Memorial ForestNational Audubon Societyprotected areageologicalconservationresearchgovernmentinstitutionsIUCN categoriesnature parkprivate protected areaCharles WatertonDevanampiya TissaSri LankaMihintalewildlife sanctuariesnaturalistexplorerWalton Hall, West YorkshirepoachersDrachenfels (Siebengebirge)nest boxesstarlingswestern jackdawssand martinslittle owlsDavid AttenboroughDrachenfelsPrussianYellowstone National ParkWyoming, United StatesRoyal National ParkSydneyBarguzin Nature ReserveImperial RussiazapovedniksHämeenlinnaTavastia Properanimal sanctuariesAmerican Sanctuary AssociationNature reserve (Australia)AustraliaAustralian Capital TerritoryNew South WalesTasmaniaWestern AustraliastatutesNational Reserve SystemNational System of Nature Conservation Unitsecological stationsPortuguesebiological reserveswildlife reserve in BrazilGebel ElbaRed SeaYob Wildlife ReserveNubian ibexstone riverBistrishko Branishtethree national parksThy National ParkSweden30 national parksTarvasjõgi riverPõhja-Kõrvemaa Nature ReserveEstoniafive national parksAlam-Pedja Nature ReserveFrance10 national parksregional nature parksGermanyGermanNaturschutzgebieteBudapestLake NaplásHortobágy National ParkWorld Heritage SiteProtected areas of Kosovonational parksnatural monumentsprotected landscapesBjeshkët e Nemuna National ParkSharr Mountains National ParkNature reserves in PolandSzczeliniec WielkiStołowe MountainsProtected areas of PortugalProtected areas of RomaniaDanube DeltaList of national parks of SpainWorld Network of Biosphere Reserves40 national parksEnglandNorthern IrelandScotlandnational nature reserves in EnglandLindisfarneNorthumberlandThe LizardCornwallflowersmossesbutterfliesinsectsalpine plantsUpper Teesdalesnake's head fritillariesNorth Meadow, CrickladeWiltshirelocal nature reservesbiodiversityRye Harbour Nature ReserveScottish national nature reservesNational Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949local nature reserveBiosphere reserves of IranendemicmammalsreptilesBiosphere reserves of IndiaNature reserves of IsraelIsraelSamaria