Systems ecology
Joanna Macy, John Seed, and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called experiential deep ecology.Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "ecological self", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual.It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy.At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage coupled human-natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion."Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems.It aims to uncover the principles which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or 'energy availing' levels of ecological networks.This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.
ecosysteminterdisciplinaryecologyEarth system scienceholisticecosystemsgeneral systems theorycomplex systememergent propertiesthermodynamicsecological-economicprinciples of energeticsHoward T. Odumecosystem principlesEnergy Systems Languageprinciple of maximum power efficiencyecological engineeringelectronic engineerDeep ecologyArne NaessGandhianenvironmental activistenvironmental managementanthropocentricJoanna MacyJohn Seedecological selfaltruismEarth systems engineering and managementcomplexenvironmentalsystemsenvironmental scienceEcological economicseconomicsenvironmental and resource economicsEcological energeticsprinciplesEcological humanitiesWesternEasternIndigenousecologicalriparian forestWhite MountainsNew HampshireEcosystem ecologybioticabioticsciencechemicalsbedrockplantsanimalsIndustrial ecologyindustrial processesAgroecologyEcological literacyEmergyEnergy flow (ecology)Holism in scienceHolon (philosophy)Holistic managementLandscape ecologyAntireductionismBiosemioticsEcosemioticsMuSIASEMJ.B.S. HaldaneGregory BatesonModelling ecosystemsTrophicAbiotic componentAbiotic stressBehaviourBiogeochemical cycleBiomassBiotic componentBiotic stressCarrying capacityCompetitionEcosystem modelGreen world hypothesisKeystone speciesList of feeding behavioursMetabolic theory of ecologyProductivityResourceRestorationProducersAutotrophsChemosynthesisChemotrophsFoundation speciesKinetotrophsMixotrophsMyco-heterotrophyMycotrophOrganotrophsPhotoheterotrophsPhotosynthesisPhotosynthetic efficiencyPhototrophsPrimary nutritional groupsPrimary productionConsumersApex predatorBacterivoreCarnivoresChemoorganotrophForagingGeneralist and specialist speciesIntraguild predationHerbivoresHeterotrophHeterotrophic nutritionInsectivoreMesopredatorsMesopredator release hypothesisOmnivoresOptimal foraging theoryPlanktivorePredationPrey switchingDecomposersChemoorganoheterotrophy