White Latin Americans
[27][28][29] Composing from 33% to 36% of the population as of 2010[update], according to some sources,[1][2][30] White Latin Americans constitute the second largest racial-ethnic group after mestizo people (Amerindian and European mixed) in the region.[33] Being white is a term that emerged from a tradition of racial classification that developed as many Europeans colonized large parts of the world and employed classificatory systems to distinguish themselves from the local inhabitants.[43] After the Wars of Independence, the elites of most of the countries of the region concluded that their underdevelopment was caused by their populations being mostly Amerindian, Mestizo or Mulatto;[44] so a major process of "whitening" was required, or at least desirable.As in Spain, persons of Moorish or Jewish ancestry within two generations were generally not allowed to enroll in the Spanish Army or the Catholic Church in the colonies, although this prohibition was inconsistently applied.Applicants to both institutions, and their spouses, had to obtain a Limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) certificate that proved that they had no Jewish or Moorish ancestors, in the same way as those in the Peninsula did.The European influence in Mexico has its origin on Spanish immigrants who arrived mainly from northern regions of Spain such as Cantabria, Navarra, Asturias, Burgos, Galicia and the Basque Country;[88] in the 19th and 20th century many non-Iberian immigrants arrived to the country as well, either motivated by economic opportunity (Americans, Canadians, English), government programs (Italians, Irish, Germans) or political motives such as the French during the Second Mexican Empire.[116][117] An autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic makeup in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African, and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black).[161] From the late 19th century to when the Panama Canal opened, European migrants used Costa Rica to get across the isthmus of Central America to reach the west coast of the United States (California).The most common European ancestry in Guatemalans mixed is Spanish descent, but there were German and Italian migration throughout Nineteen and Twenty Century in the country[183] Honduras contains perhaps one of the smallest percentages of classified whites in Latin America comparatively with the majority population.[191][16] Non-genetic self-reported data from the CIA World Factbook consider that Nicaragua's population averages phenotypically at 69% Mestizo/Castizo, 17% White, 9% Afro-Latino and 5% Native American.Other ancestries includes Dutch, English, French, German, Swiss, Danish, Irish, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian.[195] A 2010 autosomal DNA study found the Argentine population to average 78.5% European, 17.3% Native American, and 4.2% sub-Saharan African, in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indigenous.[199][200] During the last few decades, due to internal migration from these north-western provinces—as well as to immigration from Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay—the percentage of white Argentines in certain areas of Greater Buenos Aires has decreased significantly.[195][202] The white population in Argentina is mostly descended from immigrants arriving from Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a smaller proportion from Spaniards of the colonial period.[203] The colonial censuses conducted after the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata showed that the proportion of Spaniards and Criollos was significant in the cities and surrounding countryside, but not so much in the rural areas.[204] Data provided by Argentina's Dirección Nacional de Migraciones (National Bureau of Migrations) states that the country received a total of 6,611,000 immigrants during the period from 1857 to 1940.[citation needed] The city's motto is "Crespo: melting pot, culture of faith and hard work", referring to the Volga Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and other ethnicities that comprise its population.Other groups within the white population are Germans, who founded the national airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, as well as Italians, Americans, Basques, Croats, Russians, Polish, English, Irish, and other minorities, many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.[citation needed] Brazil is one of the few countries in Latin America that includes racial categories in its censuses: Branco (White), Negro (Black), Pardo (Multiracial), Amarelo (Yellow) and Indígena (Amerindian), with categorization being by self-identification.Taking into account the data provided by the last National Household Survey, conducted in 2010, Brazil would possess the most numerous white population in Latin America, given that a 47.7% – 91 million people – of Brazilians self-declared as "Brancos".Another five states that have significant proportions of whites are Rio de Janeiro (55.8%), Mato Grosso do Sul (51.7%), Espírito Santo (50.4%), Minas Gerais (47.2%) and Goiás (43.6%).[230] In the 18th century, an estimated 600,000 Portuguese arrived, including wealthy immigrants, as well as poor peasants, attracted by the Brazil Gold Rush in Minas Gerais.This, considering the facts that the slave trade was effectively suppressed in 1850, and that the Amerindian population had been reduced to small numbers even earlier, shows that at least 61% of white Brazilians had at least one ancestor living in Brazil before the beginning of the Great Immigration.[268] This was because such migrants came across the Atlantic, not the Pacific, and before the construction of the Panama Canal,[268] Europeans preferring to settle in countries close to their homelands, instead of taking the long route through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes.Sponsored by the Chilean government, to "unbarbarize" and colonize the southern region,[269] these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians) settled mainly in Valdivia, Llanquihue, Chiloé, and Los Ángeles.There is also a large number of white people in Cuenca, a city in the southern Andes of Ecuador, due to the arrival of Frenchmen in the area, who came to measure the arc of the Earth.[298] In 2005, 600 families of Volga Germans who migrated to Germany after the fall of the Soviet Union, re-migrated and established a new colony, Neufeld, near Yuty (Caazapá Department), in southeastern Paraguay.In smaller numbers came British, Germans, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Lebanese, Armenians, Greeks, Scandinavians, and Irish.This reduction in the percentage of self-declared "pure whites" between surveys could be caused by the phenomenon of the interviewee giving new value to their African heritage, similar to what has happened in Brazil in the last three censuses.Until the last years of World War II, a large part of European immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and their cultural impact was significant, influencing its gastronomy, customs and the development of Castilian in the country.
White Hispanic and Latino AmericansBrazilMexicoArgentinaVenezuelaColombiaCosta RicaUruguayParaguayDominican RepublicNicaraguaEl SalvadorBoliviaPuerto RicoGuatemalaEcuadorPanamaHondurasSpanishPortugueseItalianFrenchEnglishGermanChristianityRoman CatholicismProtestantismJudaismMestizosMulattoesSpaniardsEuropean peoplesEuro-LatinosLatin AmericansEuropeanWest Asianthe AmericasIberianItaliansGermansWest AsiansArmeniansracialmestizointerracial marriageRace and ethnicity in Latin Americaracial classificationPeter WadepardosmantillaCarl NebelAmerindianMulattowhiteningblanqueamientocastasTepotzotláncolonizationSpaniardLimpieza de sangreFrancisco MenendezGracia Real de Santa Teresa de MoseNative EuropeanLatin AmericaWhite MexicansMexican peopleImmigration to MexicoCantabriaNavarraAsturiasBurgosGaliciaBasque CountrySecond Mexican EmpireSpanish Civil Warblond hairMetropolitan Autonomous University of MexicoAmerican Sociological AssociationUniversity College LondonNational Institute of Anthropology and HistoryNational Council to Prevent DiscriminationNational Institute of Statistics and GeographyHoward F. ClineSpanish colonial periodMongolian spotsMexican Social Security InstituteWhite CaribbeansWhite CubansCuban peopleImmigration to CubaCuban RevolutionSpanish descentCanariansCatalansAndalusiansCastiliansGaliciansregime took powerJewish immigrantsHavanaIndigenous peoples of the AmericasWhite DominicansDominican peoplecensus of 19202022 censusUnited Nations Population FundRafael Leónidas TrujilloWhite HaitiansHaitian peopleJewish diasporaWorld War IWhite Puerto RicansPuerto Rican peopleSpanish settlement of Puerto RicoAlexander O'ReillySpanish government1899 censuscensusRobert T. HillAfricanizedgenetic researchUniversity of BrasíliaCosta Rican peoplePanama CanalCalifornia1927 census