Argentina
[44] Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty,[16] the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires made up from locals.[80] In 1912, President Roque Sáenz Peña enacted universal and secret male suffrage, which allowed Hipólito Yrigoyen, leader of the Radical Civic Union (or UCR), to win the 1916 election.[91] He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self-sufficiency, reversed a chronic trade deficit and lifted the ban on Peronism; yet his efforts to stay on good terms with both the Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out.[92] Amidst the political turmoil, Senate leader José María Guido reacted swiftly and applied anti-power vacuum legislation, ascending to the presidency himself; elections were repealed and Peronism was prohibited once again.[95] Amid a state of political, social, and economic upheaval, Cámpora and Vice President Vicente Solano Lima resigned in July 1973, calling for new elections, but this time with Perón as the Justicialist Party nominee.Her short presidency was marked by the collapse of Argentine political and social systems, leading to a constitutional crisis that paved the way for a decade of instability, left-wing terrorist guerrilla attacks, and state-sponsored terrorism.The Trelew massacre of 1972, the actions of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance commencing in 1973, and Isabel Perón's "annihilation decrees" against left-wing guerrillas during Operativo Independencia (Operation Independence) in 1975, are also possible events signaling the beginning of the Dirty War.[107] The newly chosen head of government, Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, seeking to ease the growing political pressure, allowed Héctor José Cámpora to become the Peronist candidate instead of Perón.[110][111] Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,[112] stopping ERP's attempt to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.[124] Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president, who revoked the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,[125] causing many working- and middle-class Argentines to lose a significant portion of their savings.[139] Under Macri's administration, economic recovery remained elusive with GDP shrinking 3.4%, inflation totaling 240%, billions of US dollars issued in sovereign debt, and mass poverty increasing by the end of his term.[144][145] In November 2021, the centre-left coalition of Argentina's ruling Peronist party, Frente de Todos (Front for Everyone), lost its majority in Congress, for the first time in almost 40 years, in midterm legislative elections.In 2012 Argentina was elected again to a two-year non-permanent position on the United Nations Security Council and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Cyprus, Western Sahara and the Middle East.[213] Ruled and monitored by Congress[214] through the Houses' Defence Committees,[215] it is organized on the essential principle of legitimate self-defence: the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity.Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR (and later EUFOR) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade.However, Argentina has faces infrastructural challenges in transferring electricity from wind-rich rural areas to its population hubs[271] In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in-line a commercial nuclear power plant, Atucha I.[275] Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks, academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed international respect since the turn of the 1900s, when Luis Agote devised the first safe and effective means of blood transfusion as well as René Favaloro, who was a pioneer in the improvement of the coronary artery bypass surgery.Argentine writer Ernesto Sabato has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows: With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition: because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the Patria Grande San Martín and Bolívar once imagined.Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,[342] it reached full independence with Esteban Echeverría's El Matadero, a romantic landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,[343] split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of José Hernández' Martín Fierro and the elitist and cultured discourse of Sarmiento's masterpiece, Facundo.[344] The Modernist movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as Leopoldo Lugones and poet Alfonsina Storni;[345] it was followed by Vanguardism, with Ricardo Güiraldes's Don Segundo Sombra as an important reference.[346] Jorge Luis Borges, Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the history of literature,[347] found new ways of looking at the modern world in metaphor and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe.Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and essayists include Estanislao del Campo, Eugenio Cambaceres, Pedro Bonifacio Palacios, Hugo Wast, Benito Lynch, Enrique Banchs, Oliverio Girondo, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Victoria Ocampo, Leopoldo Marechal, Silvina Ocampo, Roberto Arlt, Eduardo Mallea, Manuel Mujica Láinez, Ernesto Sábato, Silvina Bullrich, Rodolfo Walsh, María Elena Walsh, Tomás Eloy Martínez, Manuel Puig, Alejandra Pizarnik, and Osvaldo Soriano.[353] The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of jazz and swing in the United States, featuring large orchestras such as those of Osvaldo Pugliese, Aníbal Troilo, Francisco Canaro, Julio de Caro and Juan d'Arienzo.Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as Alberto Ginastera, composer; Alberto Lysy, violinist; Martha Argerich and Eduardo Delgado, pianists; Daniel Barenboim, pianist and symphonic orchestra director; José Cura and Marcelo Álvarez, tenors; and to ballet dancers Jorge Donn, José Neglia, Norma Fontenla, Maximiliano Guerra, Paloma Herrera, Marianela Núñez, Iñaki Urlezaga and Julio Bocca.Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include Adolfo Bellocq, whose lithographs have been influential since the 1920s, and Benito Quinquela Martín, the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound La Boca neighbourhood.[citation needed] The colonization brought the Spanish Baroque architecture, which can still be appreciated in its simpler Rioplatense style in the reduction of San Ignacio Miní, the Cathedral of Córdoba, and the Cabildo of Luján.Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America,[373] as of 2014[update] totaling 87.4% of the country's households, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.[375][better source needed] Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and Criollo creations, including empanadas (a small stuffed pastry), locro (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), humita and mate.[390] Emanuel Ginóbili, Luis Scola, Andrés Nocioni, Fabricio Oberto, Pablo Prigioni, Carlos Delfino and Juan Ignacio Sánchez are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the NBA.Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for boxing, including Carlos Monzón, the best middleweight in history;[391] Pascual Pérez, one of the most decorated flyweight boxers of all times; Horacio Accavallo, the former WBA and WBC world flyweight champion; Víctor Galíndez, as of 2009[update], record holder for consecutive world light heavyweight title defences and Nicolino Locche, nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defence; they are all inductees into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
Argentina (disambiguation)Argentine (disambiguation)República Argentina (Madrid Metro)Spanish Coat of armsEn unión y libertadHimno Nacional ArgentinoSol de MayoBuenos AiresGuaraníCorrientesQuechuaSantiago del EsteroMocovíWichíChubutChristianityCatholicismChristianno religionDemonym(s)ArgentineGovernmentFederalPresidentJavier MileiVice PresidentVictoria VillarruelChief of the Cabinet of MinistersGuillermo FrancosPresident of the Chamber of DeputiesMartín MenemPresident of Supreme CourtHoracio RosattiNational CongressUpper houseSenateLower houseChamber of DeputiesIndependenceMay RevolutionDeclaredConstitutionPopulationArgentine pesoDrives onCalling codeISO 3166 codeInternet TLDde jurede factoSouth Americasecond-largest country in South AmericaBrazilAmericaseighth-largest countrySouthern ConeBoliviaParaguayUruguayAtlantic OceanDrake Passagefederal stateprovincesautonomous cityfederal capitallargest cityfederal systemFalkland IslandsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouthern Patagonian Ice Fielda part of AntarcticaPaleolithicInca EmpireSpanish colonizationViceroyalty of the Río de la Plataoverseas viceroyaltydeclarationfight for independenceextended civil warfederationseveral waves of European immigrationItaliansSpaniardsculturedemographyJuan PerónIsabel Perónin 1976military juntaUnited StatesDirty Warstate terrorismRaúl Alfonsínregional powermiddle powermajor non-NATO allydeveloping countryLatin Americasecond-largest economyUnited NationsWorld BankWorld Trade OrganizationMercosurCommunity of Latin American and Caribbean StatesOrganization of Ibero-American StatesEtymology of ArgentinaVenetianSpanish languageItalianmasculineproper nounGiovanni Cabotosilver mountains legendLa Plata BasinLa ArgentinaMartín del Barco CenteneraSpanish EmpireUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata1826 constitutionArgentine Constitution of 1853EnglishHistory of ArgentinaIndigenous peoples in ArgentinaCave of the HandsSanta Cruz province