Toxic shock syndrome

[1] Risk factors for the staphylococcal type include the use of very absorbent tampons, skin lesions in young children characterized by fever, low blood pressure, rash, vomiting and/or diarrhea, and multiorgan failure.[1][7] The need for rapid removal of infected tissue via surgery in those with a streptococcal cause, while commonly recommended, is poorly supported by the evidence.TSS resulting from infection with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus typically manifests in otherwise healthy individuals via signs and symptoms including high fever, accompanied by low blood pressure, malaise and confusion,[3] which can rapidly progress to stupor, coma, and multiple organ failure.[3] The initial presentation of symptoms can be hard to differentiate from septic shock and other conditions such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rubeola, leptospirosis, drug toxicities, and viral exanthems.[8] STSS caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, or TSLS, typically presents in people with pre-existing skin infections with the bacteria.These individuals often experience severe pain at the site of the skin infection, followed by rapid progression of symptoms as described above for TSS.The gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin is carried by a mobile genetic element of S. aureus in the SaPI family of pathogenicity islands.In typical T-cell recognition, an antigen is taken up by an antigen-presenting cell, processed, expressed on the cell surface in complex with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in a groove formed by the alpha and beta chains of class II MHC, and recognized by an antigen-specific T-cell receptor.Superantigens do not require processing by antigen-presenting cells but instead, interact directly with the invariant region of the class II MHC molecule.[20] The term "toxic shock syndrome" was first used in 1978 by a Denver pediatrician, James K. Todd, to describe the staphylococcal illness in three boys and four girls aged 8–17 years.The Toxic Shock Syndrome Task Force was created and investigated the epidemic as the number of reported cases rose throughout the summer of 1980.As part of the voluntary recall, Procter and Gamble entered into a consent agreement with the FDA "providing for a program for notification to consumers and retrieval of the product from the market".
Awareness poster from 1985
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1SpecialtyInfectious diseaseSymptomsskin peelinglow blood pressureComplicationsStreptococcus pyogenesStaphylococcus aureusRisk factorstamponsDiagnostic methodDifferential diagnosisSeptic shockKawasaki's diseaseStevens–Johnson syndromescarlet feverAntibioticsincision and drainageabscessesintravenous immunoglobulinPrognosisbacterial toxinsmastitisosteomyelitisnecrotising fasciitispneumoniabacteriasuperantigensintravenous fluidssurgical debridementdeveloping worldblood pressuremalaisestupordesquamatessuperantigenpathogenicity islandsMHC IIT-cell receptorscytokine stormchickenpoxBody temperaturemacularerythrodermaDesquamationvomitingdiarrheamyalgiacreatine phosphokinaseMucous membranehyperemiaKidney failureserum creatinineLow platelet countCentral nervous systemRickettsialeptospirosismeaslesintensive care unitinotropicmultiple organ failurecephalosporinspenicillinsvancomycinclindamycingentamicinRochester, New YorkFort Wayne, IndianaProcter and GambleUnited StatescarboxymethylcellulosepolyesterWisconsinMinnesotaClive BarkerLana Coc-Kroftgroup A streptococcal infectionJim HensonNan C. RobertsonPulitzer Prize for Feature WritingBarbara Robisonthe Peanut Butter ConspiracyButte, MontanaMike Von ErichCritical Care ClinicsElsevierMayo ClinicThe Journal of Emergency MedicinePhiladelphiaCenters for Disease Control and PreventionThe Merck ManualsMolecular MicrobiologyAcademic PressSepsis AllianceThe Pediatric Infectious Disease JournalThe Journal of Infectious DiseasesAntimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineNational Organization for Rare DisordersThe Seattle TimesSan Jose Mercury NewsThe GuardianThe LancetPediatricsWomen & HealthThe Daily CollegianVostral SLNew York CityNew York University PressInternet ArchiveMorbidity and Mortality Weekly ReportThe New York TimesEntertainment WeeklyThe New Zealand HeraldEmerging Infectious DiseasesDiseasesDBMedlinePluseMedicinePatient UKBacillotaInfectious diseasesBacterial diseasesBacilliLactobacillalesStreptococcusoptochinS. pneumoniaePneumococcal infectionViridans streptococciS. mitisS. mutansS. oralisS. sanguinisS. sobrinusS. anginosus groupbacitracinS. pyogenesStreptococcal pharyngitisErysipelasRheumatic feverCAMP testS. agalactiaeGroup B streptococcal infectionStreptococcus iniaeCutaneous Streptococcus iniae infectionStreptococcus bovisEnterococcusEnterococcus faecalisUrinary tract infectionEnterococcus faeciumBacillalesStaphylococcusS. aureusStaphylococcal scalded skin syndromenovobiocinS. epidermidisS. saprophyticusBacillusBacillus anthracisAnthraxBacillus cereusFood poisoningListeriaListeria monocytogenesListeriosisClostridiaClostridiumClostridium botulinumBotulismClostridium tetaniTetanusClostridium perfringensGas gangreneClostridial necrotizing enteritisClostridioidesClostridioides difficilePseudomembranous colitisFinegoldiaFinegoldia magnaMollicutesMycoplasmataceaeUreaplasma urealyticumUreaplasma infectionMycoplasma genitaliumMycoplasma pneumoniaeMycoplasma pneumoniaAnaeroplasmatalesErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeErysipeloidDistributiveNeurogenic shockAnaphylactic shockObstructiveAbdominal compartment syndromeHemorrhageHypovolemiaOsmotic shockCardiogenicSpinal shockCryptic shockVasodilatory shock