Timeline of heat engine technology

This timeline of heat engine technology describes how heat engines have been known since antiquity but have been made into increasingly useful devices since the 17th century as a better understanding of the processes involved was gained.A heat engine is any system that converts heat to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.They continue to be developed today.In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink".Work is used to create a heat differential.The timeline includes devices classed as both engines and pumps, as well as identifying significant leaps in human understanding.
ThermodynamicsCarnot heat engineClassicalStatisticalChemicalQuantum thermodynamicsEquilibriumNon-equilibriumZerothSecondSystemsClosed systemIsolated systemEquation of stateIdeal gasReal gasState of matterPhase (matter)Control volumeInstrumentsProcessesIsobaricIsochoricIsothermalAdiabaticIsentropicIsenthalpicQuasistaticPolytropicFree expansionReversibilityIrreversibilityEndoreversibilityCyclesHeat enginesHeat pumpsThermal efficiencySystem propertiesConjugate variablesProperty diagramsIntensive and extensive propertiesProcess functionsFunctions of stateTemperatureEntropyintroductionPressureVolumeChemical potentialParticle numberVapor qualityReduced propertiesMaterial propertiesProperty databasesSpecific heat capacityCompressibilityThermal expansionEquationsCarnot's theoremClausius theoremFundamental relationIdeal gas lawMaxwell relationsOnsager reciprocal relationsBridgman's equationsTable of thermodynamic equationsPotentialsFree energyFree entropyInternal energyEnthalpyHelmholtz free energyGibbs free energyGeneralGas laws"Perpetual motion" machinesPhilosophyEntropy and timeEntropy and lifeBrownian ratchetMaxwell's demonHeat death paradoxLoschmidt's paradoxSynergeticsCaloric theoryVis viva ("living force")Mechanical equivalent of heatMotive powerKey publicationsAn Inquiry Concerning theSource ... FrictionOn the Equilibrium ofHeterogeneous SubstancesReflections on theMotive Power of FireMaxwell's thermodynamic surfaceEntropy as energy dispersalBernoulliBoltzmannBridgmanCarathéodoryCarnotClapeyronClausiusde Dondervon HelmholtzKelvinMassieuMaxwellvon MayerNernstOnsagerPlanckRankineSmeatonThompsonvan der WaalsWaterstonNucleationSelf-assemblySelf-organizationOrder and disordermechanical energymechanical workengineeringenergytransferredheat pumpfire pistonsoutheast AsiaPacific islandsArchytas of TarentumHero of AlexandriaAeolipilefire lancesgunpowderrocketTimeline of rocket and missile technologyLeonardo da VinciArchitonnerreTaqi al-Dinsteam turbineGiovanni BrancaRobert BoyleBoyle's LawEdward SomersetChristiaan HuygensDenis PapinThomas SaveryGottfried LeibnizThomas Newcomenpiston-and-cylinder steam-powered water pumpatmospheric engineWilliam CullenrefrigerationJohn Harrisonbimetallic stripJames WattWatt steam engineJacques CharlesCharles's lawJoseph Louis Gay-LussacJohn Barbergas turbineRichard TrevithickGay-Lussac's lawNicéphore NiépcePyréolophoreFrançois Isaac de RivazDe Rivaz engineRobert StirlingStirling enginehot air engineNicolas Léonard Sadi CarnotCarnot cyclesecond law of thermodynamicsJacob PerkinsRudolf Clausiusthermodynamic systemEtienne Lenoirinternal combustion engineillumination gasAlphonse Beau de RochasNicolaus OttoJames Clerk Maxwellthought experimentPulsometer steam pumpWilliam Crookeslight millLudwig BoltzmannSamuel Griffinsix-stroke internal combustion engineCharles A. ParsonsHerbert Akroyd StuartHot bulb engineHomogeneous Charge Compression Ignitioncompression ratioLord Rayleighthermoacoustic heat engineRijke tubeRudolf DieselDiesel engineinjected fuelDrinking birdHeike Kamerlingh OnnesNikola TeslaTesla turbineBoundary layerRobert Goddardliquid-fuel rocketFelix WankelWankel rotary engineLeó SzilárdSzilard engineFrank Whittlejet propulsionGeorges J. RanqueVortex tubeRalph H. Fowlerthe zeroth law of thermodynamicstransitive relationHans von OhainBela Karlovitzmagnetohydrodynamic generatorHeat pipePhilipsStirling Cryocoolerthermionic convertercombustionradioisotopenuclear reactorquantum heat engineNitinolthermoacoustic enginesmagnetohydrodynamic generatorsQuasiturbinepistonless rotary enginerhomboidalWankel enginephase-contrast microscopehigh speed camerawave disk enginenuclear magnetic resonanceUniversities of WaterlooUniversidade Federal do ABC and Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas FísicasHistory of thermodynamicsHistory of the internal combustion engineTimeline of motor and engine technologyTimeline of steam powerTimeline of temperature and pressure measurement technologyTimeline of historic inventionsUniversity College LondonNeedham, JosephHassan, Ahmad YLardner, DionysiusWayback MachineBibcodeCarnot engineFluidyneHot airMinto wheelPhoto-Carnot enginePistonPistonless (Rotary)Split-singleSteam (reciprocating)StirlingThermoacousticManson engineBeale numberWest numberThermodynamic cycle