Thymulin
Thymulin (also known as thymic factor or its old name facteur thymique serique) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977.The hormone is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions.There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (for example, thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa[2]).A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators/cytokines.Researchers hope to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analogs.
IUPAC nameCAS NumberChemSpiderPubChemCompTox DashboardSMILESChemical formulaMolar massstandard statenonapeptidethymusbiological activitypeptide sequenceT-cellcircadian rhythmcytokinesAstrocytesrheumatismanorexia nervosaIL-2 receptorBibcodeHormonesEndocrineglandsHypothalamic–pituitaryHypothalamusDopamineSomatostatin (GHIH)Posterior pituitaryOxytocinVasopressinAnterior pituitaryProlactinEndorphinsLipotropinAdrenal axisAldosteroneCortisolCortisoneDHEA-SAndrostenedioneAdrenalineNorepinephrineThyroidThyroid hormonesCalcitoninThyroid axisParathyroidGonadal axisTestisTestosteroneInhibinEstradiolProgesteroneActivinRelaxinPlacentaEstrogenPancreasGlucagonInsulinAmylinSomatostatinPancreatic polypeptidePineal glandMelatoninN,N-Dimethyltryptamine5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamineThymosinsThymosin α1Beta thymosinsThymopoietinDigestive systemStomachGastrinGhrelinDuodenumSecretinMotilinEnteroglucagonPeptide YYInsulin-like growth factorAdipose tissueLeptinAdiponectinResistinSkeletonOsteocalcinKidneyCalcitriolProstaglandinNatriuretic peptidePeptidesneuropeptidesOpioid peptidesDynorphinsDynorphin ADynorphin A1–8Dynorphin BBig dynorphinLeumorphinα-Neoendorphinβ-NeoendorphinEndomorphinsEndomorphin-1Endomorphin-2α-Endorphinβ-Endorphinγ-EndorphinEnkephalinsMet-enkephalinLeu-enkephalinAdrenorphinAmidorphinHemorphinHemorphin-4NociceptinOpiorphinSpinorphinValorphinKininsBradykininsTachykininsSubstance PNeurokinin ANeurokinin BKassinin