Human skeleton
The human skeleton performs six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.The human skeleton is not as sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, dentition, long bones, and pelvis exist.The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.[citation needed] The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow.[citation needed] Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.Osteocalcin increases both insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.[9] Anatomical differences between human males and females are highly pronounced in some soft tissue areas, but tend to be limited in the skeleton.The Phenice method is commonly used to determine the sex of an unidentified human skeleton by anthropologists with 96% to 100% accuracy in some populations.[12] Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass, relative to the age and sex-matched average, as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, with the term "established osteoporosis" including the presence of a fragility fracture.[12] Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have a healthy diet.Calcium supplements may also be advised, as may vitamin D. When medication is used, it may include bisphosphonates, strontium ranelate, and osteoporosis may be one factor considered when commencing hormone replacement therapy.The text then lists the total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.g. hands, legs), 117 in the pelvic area, sides, back, abdomen and breast, and 63 in the neck and upwards.[22] Vesalius, regarded as the founder of modern anatomy, authored the book De humani corporis fabrica, which contained many illustrations of the skeleton and other body parts, correcting some theories dating from Galen, such as the lower jaw being a single bone instead of two.
SkeletonOsteologyMuseum of OsteologyOklahoma City, OklahomaAnatomical terminologyhuman bodyaxial skeletonappendicular skeletonvertebral columnrib cageshoulder girdlepelvic girdleblood cellssexually dimorphicmorphologydentitionlong bonesfemale pelvischildbirthpenile bonessternumhip jointserector spinae musclescostal cartilagesintercostal musclesskeletal musclesagricultureorgansvertebraespinal cordblood vesselshaematopoiesisbone marrowbone matrixcalciumcalcium metabolismferritiniron metabolismchondroitin sulfatehydroxyapatitehormoneosteocalcinblood sugarglucosefat depositioninsulininsulin-producing cellsScarborough Railway BridgeRiver Ousenuchal linemastoid processessupraorbital marginsupraorbital ridgecanine teethgreat apesmorphometricpelvic cavityPhenice methodsacrumfunnelbirth canalBone diseaseosteoporosisscoliosisArthritisdisorderosteoarthritiscartilagebone mineral densityfracturesWorld Health Organizationstandard deviationsdual energy X-ray absorptiometryfragility fracturemenopausechronicsmokingmedicationsglucocorticoidsvitamin Dbisphosphonatesstrontium ranelatehormone replacement therapyPaleoanthropologyAyurvedaSushruta Samhitatooth socketsPtolemaic kingsHerophilosRufus of EphesusClare of MontefalcoIbn ZuhrmeridiansHua TuoLeonardo da VinciAntonio del PollaiuoloVesaliusDe humani corporis fabricaAlessandro Achillinigoddessfolk saintSanta MuerteList of bones of the human skeletonDistraction osteogenesisSmithsonianBambach, CarmenOxford University PressHoernle, A. F. RudolfNeurocraniumoccipitalparietalfrontaltemporalsphenoidethmoidmaxillalacrimalzygomaticpalatineinferior nasal conchaemandibleossiclesmalleusstapesThoraxcervical