Natriuretic peptide

[1] Two minor hormones include urodilatin (URO) which is processed in the kidney and encoded by the same gene as ANP, and dendroaspis NP (DNP) that was discovered through isolation of the venom from the green mamba snake.Atrial cells were found to contain highly developed Golgi networks and spherical granules, while balloon distension of the atria correlated with increased urination in dogs.[3] De Bold and colleagues linked these studies and discovered the first natriuretic peptide that works by stimulating renal sodium and water secretion.Kangawa and Matsuo determined the complete amino acid sequence of α-hANP using protein isolated from human atrial tissue.[3] Natriuretic peptides have a wide range of physiological effects that include the regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and cardiovascular function.[1] Induction of natriuresis by inhibiting Na+, H+ exchanger in the proximal tubule, Na+, Cl− co-transporter in the distal tubule, and Na+ channels in the collecting duct Natriuretic and diuretic effects due to increased medullary blood flow Induction of diuresis due to inhibition of Arginine vasopressin-induced aquaporin-2 incorporation into collecting ducts' apical membrane Natriuretic and diuretic effects Inhibition of cardiac remodeling (hypertrophy and fibrosis) Suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation Suppression of vascular fibrosis Reduction of pulmonary hypertension/fibrosis Elevation of capillary hydraulic conductivity Decrease in cardiac preload and afterload − Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis − Sympathetic outflow − Arginine vasopressin − Endothelin Inhibition of growth factor-mediated hypertrophy in fibroblasts C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) primarily interacts with NPR-B, which triggers an increase in the concentration of cGMP in the cell.This process can lead to several physiological effects, such as tissue remodeling, reduction of pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis, and stimulation of long bone growth.These peptides have larger surface areas compared to smaller natural molecules, making them better suited for activating specific receptors with minimal off-target effects.Additionally, natriuretic peptides suppress the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which controls the body's "fight or flight" response.[1]B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its pro hormone NT-proBNP are especially useful in diagnosing heart failure, as their levels in the blood increase along with the severity of the condition.Monitoring NT-proBNP levels over time can provide important information about an individual's risk of developing heart failure or cardiovascular disease in the future.
Natriuretic peptide-binding receptors and ligand selectivity. [ 1 ]
Structure of natriuretic peptides. [ 4 ]
Suppression of the RAAS, SNS, and vasopressin systems by natriuretic peptides/ [ 1 ]
hormonecardiovascular systemdiureticnatriureticvasodilatoryatrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)urodilatinkidneydendroaspis NP (DNP)heart failurenatriuretic peptide receptor Acyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)Giα subunitphospholipase C-βGiβγ subunitneprilysinspherical granulessmooth muscleamino acid sequenceporcinecardiac ventriclesblood pressurephysiologicalinflammationapoptosisbiomarkersglomerular filtration ratevasodilatationvasoconstrictionproximal tubuledistal tubulecollecting ductArginine vasopressinCardiaccell proliferationfibrosishypertensionEndocrineRenin–angiotensin–aldosterone axisEndothelinhypertrophyfibroblastsplasmarenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)aldosteronesympathetic nervous system (SNS)vasopressinNT-proBNPintronschondrocytesNesiritideCarperitideUlaritideMedical Subject HeadingsHormonesEndocrineglandsHypothalamic–pituitaryHypothalamusDopamineSomatostatin (GHIH)Posterior pituitaryOxytocinAnterior pituitaryProlactinEndorphinsLipotropinAdrenal axisCortisolCortisoneDHEA-SAndrostenedioneAdrenalineNorepinephrineThyroidThyroid hormonesCalcitoninThyroid axisParathyroidGonadal axisTestisTestosteroneInhibinEstradiolProgesteroneActivinRelaxinPlacentaEstrogenPancreasGlucagonInsulinAmylinSomatostatinPancreatic polypeptidePineal glandMelatoninN,N-Dimethyltryptamine5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamineThymusThymosinsThymosin α1Beta thymosinsThymopoietinThymulinDigestive systemStomachGastrinGhrelinDuodenumSecretinMotilinEnteroglucagonPeptide YYInsulin-like growth factorAdipose tissueLeptinAdiponectinResistinSkeletonOsteocalcinCalcitriolProstaglandin