Tajikistani Civil War
[14] On 27 June 1997, Tajikistan president Emomali Rahmon, United Tajik Opposition (UTO) leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General Gerd Merrem signed the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan and the Moscow Protocol in Moscow, Russia, ending the war.President Rahmon Nabiyev and Speaker of the Supreme Soviet Safarali Kenjayev orchestrated the dispersal of weapons to pro-government militias, while the opposition turned to mujahideen in Afghanistan for military aid.Fighting broke out on 5 May 1992 between old-guard supporters of the government and a loosely organized opposition composed of ethnic and regional groups from the Gharm and Gorno-Badakhshan areas (the latter were also known as Pamiris).The height of hostilities occurred from 1992 to 1993 and pitted Kulobi militias against an array of groups, including militants from the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) and ethnic minority Pamiris from Gorno-Badakhshan.In large part due to the foreign support they received, the Regari-Kulobi militias were able to soundly defeat opposition forces and went on what has been described by Human Rights Watch as an ethnic cleansing campaign against Pamiris and Garmis.[22] The campaign was concentrated in areas south of the capital and included the murder of prominent individuals, mass killings, the burning of villages and the expulsion of the Pamiri and Garmi population into Afghanistan.This was in part fostered by the Inter-Tajik Dialogue, a Track II diplomacy initiative in which the main players were brought together by international actors, namely the United States and Russia.Notable individuals murdered include journalist and politician Otakhon Latifi, journalist and Jewish leader Meirkhaim Gavrielov, politician Safarali Kenjayev and four members of the United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan: Yutaka Akino, a noted Japanese scholar of Central Asian history; Maj. Ryszard Szewczyk from Poland; Maj. Adolfo Scharpegge from Uruguay; and Jourajon Mahramov from Tajikistan;[32] and documentary filmmaker Arcady Ruderman, from Belarus.
post-Soviet conflictsAfghan Civil War (1992–1996)15th Independent Special Forces BrigadeTajikistanPopular Front of TajikistanCommunist Party of TajikistanSocialist Party of TajikistanRussiaUzbekistanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanBelarusAustriaBangladeshBulgariaCzech RepublicDenmarkHungaryIndonesiaJordanNigeriaPolandSwitzerlandUkraineUruguayUnited Tajik OppositionIslamic Renaissance PartyTajik Democratic PartyParty of People's UnityRastokhez Popular MovementLali BadakhshanAfghanistanJamiat-e Islamial-QaedaIslamic Movement of UzbekistanTalibanRahmon NabiyevAkbarsho IskandrovEmomali RahmonIslam KarimovBoris YeltsinNursultan NazarbayevAskar AkayevSayid Abdulloh NuriMohammed Sharif Himmatzade (IRP)Ibn al-KhattabNagorno-KarabakhBorder crisis2022 clashes2023 offensiveGeorgiaSouth OssetiaAbkhaziaKodoriNorth OssetiaChechen–Russianguerrilla phaseNorth Caucasus insurgencyIS insurgencyDagestanIngushetiaRusso-GeorgianBatken spilloverSouth KyrgyzstanGorno-BadakhshanDungan–Kazakh clashesKarakalpakstanTransnistria1993 MoscowEuromaidanRevolution of Dignitypro-Russian unrestRusso-Ukrainian(outline)annexation of CrimeaDonbasKerch Strait2022 invasionpreludeKhujandliberal democraticIslamistsSpecial Representative of the United Nations Secretary-GeneralMoscow1990 Dushanbe riotsHistory of TajikistanMikhail GorbachevPerestroikaParty of Tajikistan Muslim ResurrectionDemocratic party of TajikistanSupreme SovietSafarali KenjayevmujahideenPamirisdemocraticliberalLeninabadiTursunzodaMinistry of Internal AffairsDushanbePopular FrontmilitiasIslamic Renaissance Party of TajikistanHuman Rights Watchethnic cleansingGarmisQurghonteppaJamiat-i-IslamiAhmad Shah MasoudTavildaraUnited Nations Mission of Observers in TajikistanUnited NationsarmisticeInter-Tajik DialogueTrack II diplomacyUnited Nations Secretary GeneralKofi AnnanAkbar TurajonzodaKremlinYevgeny PrimakovMission of ObserversList of journalists killed in Tajikistanbrain drainOtakhon LatifiMeirkhaim GavrielovYutaka Akino