Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Located at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York, and used by an international team of researchers, it is the only operating particle collider in the US.[1][2][3] By using RHIC to collide ions traveling at relativistic speeds, physicists study the primordial form of matter that existed in the universe shortly after the Big Bang.[8] In January 2020, the US Department of Energy Office of Science selected the eRHIC design for the future Electron–Ion collider (EIC), building on the existing RHIC facility at BNL.The RHIC double storage ring is hexagonally shaped and has a circumference of 3834 m, with curved edges in which stored particles are deflected and focused by 1,740 superconducting magnets using niobium-titanium conductors.Among the two larger detectors, STAR is aimed at the detection of hadrons with its system of time projection chambers covering a large solid angle and in a conventionally generated solenoidal magnetic field, while PHENIX is further specialized in detecting rare and electromagnetic particles, using a partial coverage detector system in a superconductively generated axial magnetic field.In a narrowly decided vote, the NSAC committee showed a slight preference, based on non-science related considerations,[35] for shutting down RHIC rather than canceling the construction of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB).Due to the longer operating time per year, a greater number of colliding ion species and collision energies can be studied at RHIC.A major upgrade is the Electron–Ion Collider (EIC), the addition of a 18 GeV high intensity electron beam facility, allowing electron–ion collisions.[38] A more recent description is at:[39] On January 9, 2020, It was announced by Paul Dabbar, undersecretary of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, that the BNL eRHIC design has been selected for the future electron–ion collider (EIC) in the United States.Physicists are unable to demonstrate experimental and astrophysical constraints of zero probability of catastrophic events, nor that tomorrow Earth will be struck with a "doomsday" cosmic ray (they can only calculate an upper limit for the likelihood)."[44] After detailed studies, scientists reached such conclusions as "beyond reasonable doubt, heavy-ion experiments at RHIC will not endanger our planet"[47] and that there is "powerful empirical evidence against the possibility of dangerous strangelet production".[51] The controversy mostly ended with the report of a committee convened by the director of Brookhaven National Laboratory, J. H. Marburger, ostensibly ruling out the catastrophic scenarios depicted.Wagner tried subsequently to stop full-energy collision at RHIC by filing Federal lawsuits in San Francisco and New York, but without success.
Brookhaven National LaboratorysynchrotroncolliderluminosityUpton, New Yorkcollidersspin-polarizedprotonrelativisticprimordial formuniverseBig BangLarge Hadron Collider (LHC)quark–gluon plasmaElectron–Ion colliderstorage ringparticle acceleratorprotonscharged particleshexagonallysuperconducting magnetsniobium-titaniumdipole magnetselectron beam ion sourcelinear acceleratorAlternating Gradient Synchrotronspeed of lightcenter-of-massnucleonstochastic coolingdipoledetectorsPHENIXhadronstime projection chamberssolid anglemagnetic fieldpseudorapidityscatteringRice Universitymass numberelliptic flowmomentahydrodynamicalJet quenchingColor glass condensateDmitri KharzeevWayback MachinePhysical Review Letterssymmetry transformationsparity symmetryinteractionsquarksgluonsbirth of the UniverseFacility for Rare Isotope BeamsSafety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Colliderblack holequantum mechanicalvacuumfalse vacuumstrange mattermattercosmic particlesphysicistsprobabilityastrophysicaldoomsdaycosmic rayMartin ReesstrangeletsFrank CloseUniversity of OxfordScientific AmericanF. WilczekSunday TimescommitteedirectorJ. H. MarburgerFederalHoraţiu NăstaseNew ScientistQCD matterMinkowski spaceAdS/CFTquantum gravityUnited States Department of EnergyRenaissance TechnologiesEast Setauket, New YorkGregory Benfordscience fictionuraniumzombie apocalypseThe RisingBrian KeeneThe Sunday TimesCity of the DeadThe ISABELLE ProjectLarge Hadron ColliderNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research ABibcodeAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle ScienceCERN CourierPhysics TodayPhysics Letters BWorld ScientificNuclear Physics AThe New York TimesUSA TodayNatureSkeptical InquirerReviews of Modern PhysicsR. MatthewsEnd DayHorizonBrookhavenRees, MartinABC NewsBBC NewsAmerican Institute of PhysicsBrookhaven BulletinHadron collidersIntersecting Storage RingsProton-Antiproton ColliderISABELLETevatron