Reforestation
[6] It takes much longer − several decades − for the carbon sequestration benefits of reforestation to become similar to those from mature trees in tropical forests.For example, in China, the Three Northern Protected Forest Development Program – informally known as the "Great Green Wall" – was launched in 1978 and scheduled to last until 2050.[citation needed] Reforestation, if several indigenous species are used, can provide other benefits in addition to financial returns, including restoration of the soil, rejuvenation of local flora and fauna, and the capturing and sequestering of 38 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.[28] Plantation forests are intensively managed, composed of one or two species, even-aged, planted with regular spacing, and established mainly for productive purposes.[39][40] Policies that promote reforestation for incentives in return have shown promising results of being an effective and motivative concept to re-plant globally on a mass scale.This approach allows for private landowners and farmers to gain a revenue from the reforestation of their lands, while simultaneously benefiting from improved soil health and increased productivity.[44] As many landholders seek to earn carbon credits through sequestration, their participation also encourages biodiversity and provides ecosystem services for crops and livestock.Trees used in some reforesting efforts (for example, Eucalyptus globulus) tend to extract large amounts of moisture from the soil, preventing the growth of other plants.Prior research helps limit the depletion of biodiversity which can hinder medicinal discoveries, and alter gene flow in organisms.[60][61] There is also the risk that, through a forest fire or insect outbreak, much of the stored carbon in a reforested area could make its way back to the atmosphere.[76] In 2017, the Saihanba Afforestation Community won the UN Champions of the Earth Award in the Inspiration and Action category for their successful reforestation efforts,[77] which began upon discovering the survival of a single tree.Taking this into consideration, a non-profit organization Ek Kadam Sansthan in Jaipur is leading the development of a module of mass tracking for plantations.Pakistan's Billion Tree Tsunami restored 350,000 hectares of forests and degraded land to surpass its Bonn Challenge commitment.[95] In 2020, the Pakistani government launched an initiative to hire 63,600 laborers to plant trees in the northern Punjab region, with indigenous species such as acacia, mulberry and moringa.The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ranked the Philippines fifth among countries reporting the greatest annual forest area gain, which reached 240,000 hectares during the 2010–2015 period.[116][dubious – discuss] For thousands of years Lebanon was covered by forests; one particular species of interest, Cedrus libani was exceptionally valuable and was almost eliminated due to lumbering operations.[122] Of the country's 78 million hectares of land in total, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry aims to increase Turkey's forest cover to 30% by 2023.[124] Although the flora of Turkey remains more biodiverse than many European countries, deforestation occurred during both prehistoric[125] and historic times, including the Roman[126] and Ottoman[127] periods.[134] National Forestation Day is on 11 November but, according to the agriculture and forestry trade union, although volunteers planted a record number of trees in 2019, most had died by 2020 in part due to lack of rainfall.[140] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data shows that forest occupied about 46% of total U.S. land in 1630 (when European settlers began to arrive in large numbers), but had decreased to 34% by 1910.[141] In the late 19th century, the USFS was established in part to address the concern of natural disasters due to deforestation, and new reforestation programs and federal laws such as the Knutson-Vandenberg Act (1930) were implemented.The USFS states that human-directed reforestation is required to support natural regeneration and the agency engages in ongoing research into effective ways to restore forests.At the beginning of the year 2020, a bill that will increase the number to 3.3 billion, was proposed by the Republican Party, after President Donald Trump joined the Trillion Tree Campaign.Costa Rica doubled its forest cover in 30 years using its system of grants and other payments for environmental services, including compensation for landowners.One of the main programs established in Costa Rica was the Forest Promotion Certificate in 1979 and is funded by international donations and nationwide taxes.[149] Costa Rica's ambitious reforestation initiatives have transformed the landscape, fostering biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and sustainable land management practices.[152] A history of political turmoil and the government's inability to enforce environmental regulations has led to the degradation of the forest and environment in Peru.[154] The Peruvian government has not been able to enforce an environmentally conscious mining formalization plan to protect the Amazon forest in the Madre de Dios region.[154] Many areas in Peru, including Madre de Dios, had no state presence until the government initiated a movement to 'conquer and populate the Amazon,' with the hopes of minimizing illegal and informal mining operations that had expanded in the region and were polluting the Amazonian rivers and the destroying of its forests.[citation needed] One plan in this region, called Great Green Wall (Africa), involves planting a nine-mile width of trees on the Southern Border of the Sahara Desert for stopping its expansion to the south.
AfforestationForest managementPanamawildfireIdaho Panhandle National Forestforestswoodlandsdeforestationclearcuttingwildfiresharvesting of woodclimate change mitigationecosystemhabitattree plantationshectaremonoculturesbiodiversity lossstored carbonproforestationcarbon sequestrationtropical forestsGreat Green WalldeforestedgrasslandsForestryTree plantationFinlandpulp and paper industryfellingindigenous speciesrestoration of the soilcarbon dioxideDeforestation and climate changeglobal carbon cyclephotosynthesisgreenhouse gascarbon sinksSustainable forest managementdroughtssoil degradationsolutionpasturebiomassbiocharbioenergy with carbon capture and storageecosystem restorationtree plantation, forest plantationtree nurseriesChristmas tree farmsForestry CommissionWeyerhaeuserRayonierSierra Pacific IndustriesAsia Pulp & PaperChristmas treesForest genetic resourcesseed orchardsGrand FirScotlandMonterey PineAustraliapruningcoppicingfarmer-managed natural regenerationassisted natural regenerationREDD and REDD+ecosystem servicesWorld Resources InstituteagroforestryGlobal SouthEucalyptus globulusEuropean Commissionbiodiversitymonocultureforest fireinsect outbreakBonn ChallengeGreen Wall of ChinaGobi desertSichuanShaanxiYunnanGuizhouSaihanbaChampions of the EarthTibet Autonomous RegionTrillion Tree CampaignJane Goodall InstituteInner Mongoliamining companiesecotourismJadav PayengMolai forestBrahmaputraUttar PradeshMadhya PradeshJaipurmining operations in AshioShōzō TanakaWataraseRamsar site todaysoil pollutionBillion Tree Tsunamigovernment of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)Imran KhanBonn Challenge commitmentPakistan's prime minister10 billion treesacaciamulberrymoringalockdownsCOVID-19Food and Agriculture OrganizationUnited NationsThailandhectarescash cropNutrient cyclingsoil erosionArmenia Tree ProjectArmeniaMy Forest ArmeniaIcelandic Forest ServiceIreland