Industrialisation

It began in Great Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in Europe and North America.[13][14][15] As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established.[16] One of the most important criticisms of industrialisation is that it caused children to stay away from home for many hours and to use them as cheap workers in factories.[17][18][15] Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates.Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.)may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow, consumerist expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish.

The effect of industrialisation shown by rising income levels in the 19th century, including gross national product at purchasing power parity per capita between 1750 and 1900 in 1990 U.S. dollars for the First World , including Western Europe, United States, Canada and Japan, and Third World nations of Europe, Southern Asia, Africa, and Latin America ^{[

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The effect of industrialisation is also shown by rising levels of CO2 emissions. ^{[

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Industrialisation also means the mechanisation of traditionally manual economic sectors such as agriculture.

Factories, refineries, mines, and agribusiness are all elements of industrialisation.

An 1886 portrait by Robert Koehler depicting agitated workers facing a factory owner in a strike

A panorama of Guangzhou at dusk

Child coal miners in Prussia , late 19th century

2006 GDP by sector and labour force by occupation with the green, red, and blue components of the colours of the countries representing the percentages for the agriculture, industry, and services sectors, respectively

gross national productpurchasing power parityper capitaU.S. dollarsFirst WorldThird Worldagribusinessagrarian societyindustrial societyeconomymanufacturingpollutingfossil fuelssustainable developmentgreen industrial policytechnological leapfroggingunintended consequencesinvestmenteconomic growthHistory of industrialisationProto-industrialisationIndustrial RevolutionEuropeSecond Industrial Revolutionsteam engineinternal combustion engineelectricityassembly lineEast AsiaRobert KoehlerstrikeSocial classextended familychild labourUrbanisationGuangzhouExploitation of labourExploitation of natural resourcesExploitation colonialismPrussiaTalcott Parsonsnuclear familyFour Asian Tigersinternational developmentWorld BankOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)UNESCOprimary educationco-operation amongst third world communitieseconomic communitiesglobal southinefficientfree-tradeEnvironmentalismGreen politicsconsumeristproductivityemploymentjobless recoverysectorstertiary sectorworking poorpoverty linedeindustrialisationagriculture sectorAutomationDivision of labourGreat DivergenceIdea of ProgressMass productionMechanisationNewly industrialised countryO'Sullivan, ArthurWayback MachineTraces of Exploitation in the World of ChildhoodMillennium Development GoalsOverseas Development InstituteAhmady, KameelEuropean History OnlineInstitute of European HistoryHuman impact on the environmentAnthropoceneEcological footprintEnvironmental impact assessmentEnvironmental issueslist of issuesHuman impacton marine lifeList of global issuesImpact assessmentPlanetary boundariesSocial ecology (ethics)Causes of climate changeAgricultureanimal agriculturecannabis cultivationirrigationmeat productioncocoa productionpalm oilBitcoinCorporate behaviorDeforestation and climate changeEnergy industrybiofuelsbiodieselenergyfashionfracking (US)nuclear poweroil shalepetroleumreservoirstransportGenetic pollutionEnvironmental crimeExplosivescleaning agentsconcretenanotechnologypesticidespharmaceuticals and personal careMarine lifefishingfishing down the food webmarine pollutionoverfishingMiningOverconsumptionOverdraftingOverexploitationOvergrazingParticulatesPollutionQuarryingTourismaviationshippingUrbanizationurban sprawlBiodiversity threatsbiodiversity lossdecline in amphibian populationsdecline in insect populationsClimate changerunaway climate changein the United StatesDeforestationDefaunationDesertificationEcocideEcological crisisEffects of climate changeEffects of climate change on agricultureMultiple breadbasket failureEffects of climate change on livestockEnvironmental insecurityEnvironmental issues in the United StatesCoral reefsExternalityForest diebackEnvironmental degradationErosionFreshwater cycleGreenhouse gas emissionsHabitat destructionHolocene extinctionNitrogen cycleLand degradationLand consumptionLand surface effects on climateLoss and damageLoss of green beltsOzone depletionResource depletionTropical cyclones and climate changeWater degradationWater pollutionWater scarcityAlternative fuel vehicle propulsionBirth controlCleaner productionClimate change mitigationCommunity resilienceCultured meatDecouplingEcological engineeringEnvironmental engineeringEnvironmental mitigationIndustrial ecologyMitigation bankingOrganic farmingRecyclingReforestationRestoration ecologySustainabilitySustainable consumptionWaste minimizationIndustrial