Preventive healthcare
[21] New knowledge in molecular biology, in particular epigenetics, points to how much affective as well as physical environment during fetal and newborn life may determine adult health.[37] Using PPE properly and getting the recommended vaccines and screenings can help decrease the spread of respiratory diseases, protecting the healthcare workers as well as their patients.[1] Finally, tertiary prevention attempts to reduce the damage caused by symptomatic disease by focusing on mental, physical, and social rehabilitation.[40] For syphilitic patients, rehabilitation includes measures to prevent complete disability from the disease, such as implementing work-place adjustments for the blind and paralyzed or providing counseling to restore normal daily functions to the greatest extent possible.A study conducted in nursing homes to prevent diseases concluded that the use of evaporative humidifiers to maintain the indoor humidity within the range 40–60% can reduce respiratory risk.[47] In 2003, the World Health Organization created a list of interventions in the following table that were judged economically and operationally "feasible," based on the healthcare resources and infrastructure in 42 nations that contribute to 90% of all infant and child deaths.[48] Sedentary adults should aim for at least half an hour of moderate-level daily physical activity and eventually increase to include at least 20 minutes of intense exercise, three times a week.[52] Thrombosis is a serious circulatory disease affecting thousands, usually older persons undergoing surgical procedures, women taking oral contraceptives and travelers.Low and middle income countries share a majority of the cancer burden largely due to exposure to carcinogens resulting from industrialization and globalization.The Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering hospitals conducted annual x-ray screenings and sputum cytology tests and found that lung cancer was detected at higher rates, earlier stages, and had more favorable treatment outcomes, which supports widespread investment in such programs.Cervical cytology screening aims to detect abnormal lesions in the cervix so that women can undergo treatment prior to the development of cancer.Given that high quality screening and follow-up care has been shown to reduce cervical cancer rates by up to 80%, most developed countries now encourage sexually active women to undergo a Pap test every 3–5 years.[65] In developing nations in Latin America, such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Cuba, both public and privately organized programs have offered women routine cytological screening since the 1970s.Brazil, Peru, India, and several high-risk nations in sub-Saharan Africa which lack organized screening programs, have a high incidence of cervical cancer.[68] It is also highly preventable; about 80 percent[69] of colorectal cancers begin as benign growths, commonly called polyps, which can be easily detected and removed during a colonoscopy.[77] Additionally, uninsured people tend to not seek care until their diseases progress to chronic and serious states and they are also more likely to forgo necessary tests, treatments, and filling prescription medications.[85] In an effort to encourage healthy lifestyle choices, as of 2010 workplace wellness programs were on the rise but the economics and effectiveness data were continuing to evolve and develop.[11] A 2010 study reported that in the United States, vaccinating children, cessation of smoking, daily prophylactic use of aspirin, and screening of breast and colorectal cancers had the most potential to prevent premature death.[11] Preventive health measures that resulted in savings included vaccinating children and adults, smoking cessation, daily use of aspirin, and screening for issues with alcoholism, obesity, and vision failure.[100][101] Due to these findings, some argue that rather than focusing healthcare reform efforts exclusively on preventive care, the interventions that bring about the highest level of health should be prioritized.[12] The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group conducted a 2012 study evaluating the costs and benefits in quality-adjusted life-years or QALYs of lifestyle changes versus taking the drug metformin.The effects of these interventions on BMI have been studied, and the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has led to a better understanding of projected cost reductions and improved health outcomes.et al. (2015) states: "The four initial interventions were selected by the investigators to represent a broad range of nationally scalable strategies to reduce childhood obesity using a mix of both policy and programmatic strategies... 1. an excise tax of $0.01 per ounce of sweetened beverages, applied nationally and administered at the state level (SSB), 2. elimination of the tax deductibility of advertising costs of TV advertisements for "nutritionally poor" foods and beverages seen by children and adolescents (TV AD), 3. state policy requiring all public elementary schools in which physical education (PE) is currently provided to devote ≥50% of PE class time to moderate and vigorous physical activity (Active PE), and 4. state policy to make early child educational settings healthier by increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, and reducing screen time (ECE)."[citation needed] Some challenges with evaluating the effectiveness of child obesity interventions include: As of 2009, the cost-effectiveness of preventive care is a highly debated topic.[124] The finalized and newly ratified law was to address many issues in the U.S. healthcare system, which included expansion of coverage, insurance market reforms, better quality, and the forecast of efficiency and costs.[134] The Congressional Budget Office has provided guidance that further research is needed in the area of the economic impacts of obesity in the U.S. before the CBO can estimate budgetary consequences.A bipartisan report published in May 2015 recognizes the potential of preventive care to improve patients' health at individual and population levels while decreasing the healthcare expenditure.Sub-analysis performed on all deaths in the United States in 2000 revealed that almost half were attributed to preventable behaviors including tobacco, poor diet, physical inactivity and alcohol consumption.Recommendations from the Institute of Medicine in 2012 suggest that "concerted action be taken across and within five environments (physical activity (PA), food and beverage, marketing and messaging, healthcare and worksites, and schools) and all sectors of society (including government, business and industry, schools, child care, urban planning, recreation, transportation, media, public health, agriculture, communities, and home) in order for obesity prevention efforts to truly be successful.Each participating company makes a public pledge that details its commitment to advertise only foods that meet certain nutritional criteria to children under 12 years old.
Preventive Medicine (journal)Pesticide applicationProphylaxis (disambiguation)SpecialtyMedicineDoctor of MedicineDoctor of Osteopathic MedicineBachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of SurgeryHospitalsclinicsImmunizationhealthcarediseasesenvironmental factorsgenetic predispositionlifestyle choicescardiovascular diseaserespiratory diseasediabetesinfectious diseasessedentary lifestyleWorld Health Organizationcancercardiovascularlung diseasesscreeningair quality indexhypertensionhyperglycemiadiabetes mellitushypercholesterolemiacolon cancerdepressionsexually transmitted diseasechlamydiasyphilisgonorrheamammographybreast cancercolorectal cancerPap testcervical cancerosteoporosisGenetic testinggenetic disordersovarian cancerSara Josephine Bakerhealth promotionhealthy dietsmokingQuaternary preventionParent education programepigeneticshealth educationlifestyle medicineeating nutritious mealslifestyle-related medical conditionsquality of lifewell-beingprolongs life expectancyfood banksfood deserturban gardeningScreening (medicine)Biomarker (medicine)water purificationsexually transmitted infectionspersonalized medicineFood safetyis also monitoredenvironmental standardsregulation of chemicalsoccupational hygieneconsumer protectionvaccineslatent diseasesasymptomaticroot causepreventable cause of deathTobacco smokingAlcohol consumptionToxicantsTraffic collisionsFirearm incidentsDrug abusecauses of preventable deathUnited StatesHigh cholesterolMalnutritionOverweightobesityPhysical inactivityAlcoholIndoor air pollutionUnsafe watersanitationleading causes of deathpollutionyears of potential life lostair pollutionInternational Labour OrganizationinfectiondiarrheapneumoniamalariaBreastfeedingHib vaccineAntenatal steroidsVitamin ATetanus toxoidMeasles vaccinetype 2 diabetessafe-sexcondomsdental damslatex glovesTruvadaPost-exposure prophylaxisThrombosis prophylaxisThrombosisCancer preventionLung cancerTobaccocarcinogennicotine replacement therapyCancer screening