Salinity
Salinity in rivers, lakes, and the ocean is conceptually simple, but technically challenging to define and measure precisely.[5] Whatever pore size is used in the definition, the resulting salinity value of a given sample of natural water will not vary by more than a few percent (%).Physical oceanographers working in the abyssal ocean, however, are often concerned with precision and intercomparability of measurements by different researchers, at different times, to almost five significant digits.Measurement and definition difficulties arise because natural waters contain a complex mixture of many different elements from different sources (not all from dissolved salts) in different molecular forms.Many of these forms are difficult to measure with high accuracy, and in any case complete chemical analysis is not practical when analyzing multiple samples.Different practical definitions of salinity result from different attempts to account for these problems, to different levels of precision, while still remaining reasonably easy to use.Silicon in the form of silicic acid, which usually appears as a neutral molecule in the pH range of most natural waters, may also be included for some purposes (e.g., when salinity/density relationships are being investigated).Salinities on this scale are determined by combining electrical conductivity measurements with other information that can account for regional changes in the composition of seawater.At other times an empirical salinity/density relationship developed for a particular body of water is used to estimate the salinity of samples from a measured density.The important characteristic is that these waters tend to vary in salinity over some biologically meaningful range seasonally or on some other roughly comparable time scale.Salinity is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in a body of water.A halophyte which is tolerant to residual sodium carbonate salinity are called glasswort or saltwort or barilla plants.
Fresh waterBrackish waterSaline waterSeawaterSalt lakeHypersaline lakeSalt panBrine poolBodies by salinityWorld OceanWorld Ocean Atlassoil salinitychemistrybiologicalthermodynamic state variabletemperaturepressuredensityheat capacitycontour linesodium chloridemagnesium sulfatepotassium nitratesodium bicarbonatemass fractionDead Seapercentabyssal oceansignificant digitsartificial seawaterpit lakeshydrothermal springsoxygennitrogencarbon dioxidecarbonatesbicarbonatesSiliconsilicic acidtitrationsilver nitratehalidechlorinebrominechlorinityparts per thousandelectrical conductivityTEOS-10conservative temperaturepotential temperatureLimnologistsμS/cmsaline lakesplantsgroundwaterhalophyteresidual sodium carbonateglasswortsaltwortbarillaextremophileshalophileseuryhalinepotabilityirrigationroad saltworld's ocean circulationChanges in the salinity of the oceanshydrographyDesalinationsoil salinity controlSodium adsorption ratioSalinometerElectrolytesFluid balanceHypernatremiaHyponatremiaSalt poisoningArabidopsis thaliana responses to salinityStenohaline fishEuryhaline fishThermohaline circulationPaleosalinityCORA datasetOsmotic concentrationTonicityBibcodeHewitt, H.T.J. Phys. Oceanogr.MatlabExcel VBAWastewaterAcid mine drainageBallast waterBathroomBlackwater (coal)Blackwater (waste)Boiler blowdownCombined sewerCooling waterFecal sludgeGreywaterInfiltration/InflowLeachateManureProduced waterReturn flowSanitary sewerSeptageSewageSewage sludgeToiletUrban runoffQuality indicatorsAdsorbable organic halidesBiochemical oxygen demandChemical oxygen demandColiform indexOxygen saturationHeavy metalsTotal dissolved solidsTotal suspended solidsTurbidityWastewater surveillanceTreatment optionsActivated sludge