Mandrillus
Mandrillus is a genus of large Old World monkeys distributed throughout central and southern Africa, consisting of two species: M. sphinx and M. leucophaeus, the mandrill and drill, respectively.[10][11] Originally, both species were considered part of the Papio genus, as forest baboons, due to superficial similarities such as size and appearance, particularly in facial features.[5] Furthermore Mandrillus display larger premolars and extended canines; these dental traits are better adapted to crushing hard objects.This is due to a large part of their diet consisting of hard, dry nuts and seeds that require greater crushing power and the use of their teeth in ripping apart rotting wood to search for insects and other invertebrates.[19] Within the shoulder and upper arm structures of the Mandrillus monkeys a deep scapular, broad deltoid plane, narrow stable elbow region and other skeletal features indicate the use of the forelimbs for climbing and foraging.[5] Similarly, a study done on drills in southwest Cameroon showed that the mean weight of fruit and seed in faecal matter was equal to or greater than 80%.[5][29][27][30] Mandrillus leucophaeus social structures are unknown, due to low populations, and secluded habitats with dense forestry.Various semi-free ranging studies conducted report a matrilineal social structure with a stable infant and female mandrill "supergroup".[29][5] Further studies, also done in semi-free ranging settings, conclude that dominant females are central to group cohesion and connectivity (how close they remained).[31] This aligned with the social structures reported in other research papers done on wild mandrills, where stable multi-male and multi-female groups were found.[5] The two-phased grunt is a low, two-syllable continuous sound used exclusively by adult males during calm group progression and mate guarding.The silent baring of teeth is a positive visual signal conveying peaceful intentions, and it is often combined with a shaking head.[36][37] The loss of habitat is an ongoing threat that can be attributed to the expansion of human settlements as well as the clearing of forests for chipping factories and agriculture.[36] The mandrill population in south Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea are at great risk due to extensive forest loss.
mandrillScientific classificationEukaryotaAnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimatesHaplorhiniSimiiformesCercopithecidaePapioniniRitgenType speciesSimia sphinxLinnaeusSpeciesM. sphinxM. leucophaeusF. CuvierSynonymsOld World monkeyscentralsouthern AfricababoonCercocebuson the groundfrugivoresboth meat and plantsvulnerableendangeredIUCN Red ListThreatened SpeciesCercopithecinaebaboonsmacaquescrested mangabeyswhite-eyelid mangabeyshighland mangabeyTheropithecusMainland drillBioko drill EN VU tibialsexual dimorphismSanaga riverCameroonNigeriaCross RiverBioko IslandRío MuniGuinean forests of West AfricaCross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forestsCameroonian Highlands forestsIrvingia gabonensisMusanga cecropioidesXylopia aethiopicaGroves, C. P.Wilson, D. E.IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesBibcodeAnimal Diversity WebUniversity of MichiganBloomsbury PublishingWikispeciesCercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)CercopitheciniAllenopithecusAllen's swamp monkey (A. nigroviridis)MiopithecusAngolan talapoin (M. talapoin)Gabon talapoin (M. ogouensis)ErythrocebusSouthern patas monkey (E. baumstarki)Common patas monkey (E. patas)Blue Nile patas monkey (E. poliophaeus)ChlorocebusDryas monkey (C. dryas)Green monkey (C. sabaeus)Grivet (C. aethiops)Bale Mountains vervet (C. djamdjamensis)Tantalus monkey (C. tantalus)Vervet monkey (C. pygerythrus)Malbrouck (C. cynosuros)AllochrocebusL'Hoest's monkey (A. lhoesti)Preuss's monkey (A. preussi)Sun-tailed monkey (A. solatus)CercopithecusDiana monkey (C. diana)Roloway monkey (C. roloway)Greater spot-nosed monkey (C. nictitans)Blue monkey (C. mitis)Mona monkey (C. mona)Campbell's mona monkey (C. campbelli)Lowe's mona monkey (C. lowei)Crested mona monkey (C. pogonias)Wolf's mona monkey (C. wolfi)Dent's mona monkey (C. denti)Lesser spot-nosed monkey (C. petaurista)White-throated guenon (C. erythrogaster)Sclater's guenon (C. sclateri)Red-eared guenon (C. erythrotis)Moustached guenon (C. cephus)Red-tailed monkey (C. ascanius)Hamlyn's monkey (C. hamlyni)De Brazza's monkey (C. neglectus)Lesula (C. lomamiensis)MacacaBarbary macaque (M. sylvanus)Lion-tailed macaque (M. silenus)Southern pig-tailed macaque (M. nemestrina)Northern pig-tailed macaque (M. leonina)Pagai Island macaque (M. pagensis)Siberut macaque (M. siberu)Moor macaque (M. maura)Booted macaque (M. ochreata)Tonkean macaque (M. tonkeana)Heck's macaque (M. hecki)Gorontalo macaque (M. nigrescens)Celebes crested macaque (M. nigra)Crab-eating macaque (M. fascicularis)Stump-tailed macaque (M. arctoides)Rhesus macaque (M. mulatta)Formosan rock macaque (M. cyclopis)Japanese macaque (M. fuscata)