Image stabilization

In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time.Image stabilization is only designed for and capable of reducing blur that results from normal, minute shaking of a lens due to hand-held shooting.The Pentax K-5 and K-r, when equipped with the O-GPS1 GPS accessory for position data, can use their sensor-shift capability to reduce the resulting star trails.This technology is implemented in the lens itself, as distinct from in-body image stabilization (IBIS), which operates by moving the sensor as the final element in the optical path.For handheld video recording, regardless of lighting conditions, optical image stabilization compensates for minor shakes whose appearance magnifies when watched on a large display such as a television set or computer monitor.[6][7][8] Different companies have different names for the OIS technology, for example: Most high-end smartphones as of late 2014 use optical image stabilization for photos and videos.While the most obvious advantage for image stabilization lies with longer focal lengths, even normal and wide-angle lenses benefit from it in low-light applications.This is not an issue for Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera systems, because the sensor output to the screen or electronic viewfinder is stabilized.When the camera rotates, causing angular error, gyroscopes encode information to the actuator that moves the sensor.Minolta and Konica Minolta used a technique called Anti-Shake (AS) now marketed as SteadyShot (SS) in the Sony α line and Shake Reduction (SR) in the Pentax K-series and Q series cameras, which relies on a very precise angular rate sensor to detect camera motion.[21] Olympus introduced image stabilization with their E-510 D-SLR body, employing a system built around their Supersonic Wave Drive.[22] Other manufacturers use digital signal processors (DSP) to analyze the image on the fly and then move the sensor appropriately.Some sensor-based image stabilization implementations are capable of correcting camera roll rotation, a motion that is easily excited by pressing the shutter button.Both the speed and range of the required sensor movement increase with the focal length of the lens being used, making sensor-shift technology less suited for very long telephoto lenses, especially when using slower shutter speeds, because the available motion range of the sensor quickly becomes insufficient to cope with the increasing image displacement.Therefore, depending on the angle of view, the maximum exposure time should not exceed 1⁄3 second for long telephoto shots (with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 800 millimeters) and a little more than ten seconds for wide angle shots (with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 24 millimeters), if the movement of the Earth is not taken into consideration by the image stabilization process.In this case, only the independent compensation degrees of the in-built image sensor stabilization are activated to support lens stabilisation.Canon's first two such bodies, the EOS R and RP, do not have IBIS, but the feature was added for the more recent higher end R3, R5, R6 (and its MkII version) and the APS-C R7.[35] Online services, including YouTube, are also beginning to provide 'video stabilization as a post-processing step after content is uploaded.This has the disadvantage of not having access to the realtime gyroscopic data, but the advantage of more computing power and the ability to analyze images both before and after a particular frame.
Comparison of simplified image stabilisation systems:
  1. unstabilised
  2. lens-based optical stabilisation
  3. sensor-shift optical stabilisation
  4. digital or electronic stabilisation
Photography of a sound reinforcement system prior to a pop concert, wherein the room was nearly dark except for the blue spotlight and the dim white light from the device rear panel itself. Though the exposure time of 1 ⁄ 4 s at (35 mm equivalent) 180 mm focal length would typically result in a relatively strong blur according to the "1/mm rule", the image is quite sharp – which is the result of the activated image stabilizer of the employed Lumix digital camera.
A comparison of close-up photographs of a calculator keypad with and without optical image stabilization
Free-hand museum shot of a historic universal theodolite taken without flash light but with dual image stabilization. The image was taken with a Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8 and a Nocticron with almost two times the normal focal length of the camera system (42.5 mm) at f /1.2 and with a polarizing filter in order to remove reflections from the transparent glass of the display case . ISO speed = 800, exposure time = 1 ⁄ 8 s, exposure value = 0.5.
Short video showing image stabilization done purely in software in post processing stage
A moving TV camera that is remote controlled and gyro-stabilized through a Newton head on rail dolly system.
Stabilized imagesblurringcameraexposureyaw and pitchimage-stabilized binocularstelescopessmartphonesstill camerasshutter speedsfocal lengthtelephotovideo camerasjittervariation in the atmospheresound reinforcement systemrule of thumbreciprocal35 mm equivalentcrop factormotion blurpanningAstrophotographylong-exposure photographyEarth rotatesGPS accessorystar trailsdigitalshutter speedvideo recordingtelevision setcomputer monitorMinoltaKonica MinoltaDiMAGE A1OlympusFujifilmOptical SteadyShotCyber-shotE-mount lensesPanasonicSteadyShotSuper SteadyShotSteadyShot INSIDEDSLR-A900ILCE-7M2TamronPentaxLumia 920angular velocitygyroscopicNocticronMirrorless interchangeable-lens cameraelectronic viewfinderAnti-ShakeSony αQ seriesdigital signal processorsimage sensorNikon Z ftheodolitePanasonic Lumix DMC-GX8polarizing filterdisplay caseISO speedexposure timeexposure valuePanasonic Lumix DC-GH5Micro Four ThirdsaccelerometersSony Edegrees of freedomZ-mountnon-linear editing systemsfiltersextrapolationYouTubeorthogonal transfer CCDPan-STARRSgyroscopecamera stabilizerSteadicamtripodVestibulo-ocular reflexinner earaccelerometerextraocular musclesAdaptive opticsDeblurringHeligimbalHyperlapseMotion compensationShaky cameraApple, Inc.Wayback MachineXDA Developers