Hydrothermal circulation
In both cases, the principle is the same: Cold, dense seawater sinks into the basalt of the seafloor and is heated at depth whereupon it rises back to the rock-ocean water interface due to its lesser density.Heat flow studies of the seafloor suggest that basalts within the oceanic crust take millions of years to completely cool as they continue to support passive hydrothermal circulation systems.Hydrothermal circulating convection cells can exist in any place an anomalous source of heat, such as an intruding magma or volcanic vent, comes into contact with the groundwater system where permeability allows flow.The detailed data sets available from this work show the long term persistence of these systems, the development of fluid circulation patterns, histories that can be influenced by renewed magmatism, fault movement, or changes associated with hydrothermal brecciation and eruption sometimes followed by massive cold water invasion.For example the water level represents a fluid pressure condition that leads to gas exsolution or boiling that in turn causes intense mineralization that can seal cracks.
Hydrothermal synthesisAncient Greekvolcanicgraniteorogenymetamorphismhydrothermal mineral depositsoceansmid-oceanic ridgediffusebasaltsHydrothermal ventschimneysblack smokersTaal Volcano Main Crater Lakegroundwaterhydrothermal explosionsgeysershot springsvolcanogenic lakesGreat Artesian Basinmineralore genesisWaldemar Lindgrenmagmaticmeteoric waterPorphyry copperMississippi Valley-type depositsWestern US uraniumOceanic ridge depositsVolcanogenic massive sulfide ore depositGeothermal gradientBibcodePhysical oceanographyAiry wave theoryBallantine scaleBenjamin–Feir instabilityBoussinesq approximationBreaking waveClapotisCnoidal waveCross seaDispersionEdge waveEquatorial wavesGravity waveGreen's lawInfragravity waveInternal waveIribarren numberKelvin waveKinematic waveLongshore driftLuke's variational principleMild-slope equationRadiation stressRogue waveDraupner waveRossby waveRossby-gravity wavesSea stateSeicheSignificant wave heightSolitonStokes driftStokes problemStokes waveTrochoidal waveTsunamimegatsunamiUndertowUrsell numberWave actionWave baseWave heightWave nonlinearityWave powerWave radarWave setupWave shoalingWave turbulenceWave–current interactionWaves and shallow waterone-dimensional Saint-Venant equationsshallow water equationsWind fetchWind setupWind waveCirculationAtmospheric circulationBaroclinityBoundary currentCoriolis forceCoriolis–Stokes forceCraik–Leibovich vortex forceDownwellingEkman layerEkman spiralEkman transportEl Niño–Southern OscillationGeneral circulation modelGeochemical Ocean Sections StudyGeostrophic currentGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProjectGulf StreamHumboldt CurrentLangmuir circulationLoop CurrentModular Ocean ModelOcean currentOcean dynamical thermostatOcean dynamicsOcean gyreOverflowPrinceton Ocean ModelRip currentSubsurface ocean currentSverdrup balanceThermohaline circulationshutdownUpwellingWhirlpoolWind generated currentWorld Ocean Circulation ExperimentAmphidromic pointEarth tide