Plastic surgery
[6] Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the c. 1600 BC Egyptian medical text called the Edwin Smith papyrus.Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some accurate anatomical descriptions,[13] some of which—for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton—are of special interest to plastic surgery.All fields of surgery, the Arab physician, surgeon, and chemist Al-Zahrawi talks of the use of silk thread suture to achieve good cosmesis.In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place.In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments.Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.In 1845, Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose.[23] In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications.In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects.Before the dentist Auguste Charles Valadier and then Gillies identified the need to advance the specialty of maxillofacial surgery which would be directly dedicated to the management of war wounds at this time.Gillies developed a new technique using rotational and transposition flaps but also bone grafts from the ribs and tibia to reconstruct facial defects caused by the weapons during the war.There Gillies and his colleagues developed many techniques of plastic surgery; more than 11,000 operations were performed on more than 5,000 men (mostly soldiers with facial injuries, usually from gunshot wounds).[32] After the war, Gillies developed a private practice with Rainsford Mowlem, including many famous patients, and travelled extensively to promote his advanced techniques worldwide.When World War II broke out, plastic surgery provision was largely divided between the different services of the armed forces, and Gillies and his team were split up.McIndoe, consultant to the RAF, moved to the recently rebuilt Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, Sussex, and founded a Centre for Plastic and Jaw Surgery.[33] McIndoe is often recognized for not only developing new techniques for treating badly burned faces and hands but also for recognising the importance of the rehabilitation of the casualties and particularly of social reintegration back into normal life.Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough.There have been cases of surgery on women's hands in order to correct perceived flaws to create the perfect engagement ring photo.Plastic surgery performed on an incarcerated population in order to affect their recidivism rate, a practice instituted in the early 20th century that lasted until the mid-1990s.[43] 15.6 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2020, with the five most common surgeries being rhinoplasties, blepharoplasties, rhytidectomies, liposuctions, and breast augmentation.[47] The American Society of Plastic Surgeons estimates that more than 333,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger in the US in 2005 compared to approx.Common complications of cosmetic surgery includes hematoma, nerve injury, infection, scarring, implant failure and end organ damage.In a study of his 4761 augmentation mammaplasty patients, Eisenberg reported that overfilling saline breast implants 10–13% significantly reduced the rupture-deflation rate to 1.83% at 8-years post-implantation.[73] In response to the detrimental trend, Instagram banned all augmented reality (AR) filters that depict or promote cosmetic surgery.
Plastic Surgery (journal)Gaspare TagliacozziSpecialtyMedicinesurgeryDoctor of MedicineDoctor of Osteopathic medicineBachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of SurgeryHospitalsclinicsReconstructive surgerycraniofacial surgeryhand surgerymicrosurgerymalleablepetroleumHistory of surgeryNew York Academy of MedicineEdwin Smith papyrusEgyptologistSushrutaphysiciancataractAulus Cornelius CelsusRomansdissectanatomicalgenitaliaskeletonAbbasidEuropeSicilyBolognaThe Gentleman's MagazineAl-Zahrawicosmesisreduction mammaplastygynaecomastiacauteryBritishrhinoplastiesKumharvaidyaGentleman's MagazineJoseph Constantine CarpueWestern worldhypospadiasurethral meatusSabuncuogluuntil the 19th and 20th centuriesBritish militarymercuryCarl Ferdinand von GraefeRhinoplastikJohn Peter Mettauercleft palateJohann Friedrich Dieffenbachskin transplantationrhinoplasticmaxillofacialBellevue HospitalScientific AmericanotorhinolaryngologistJames IsraelurologicalheterogeneousorthopaedicsurgeonAlexander Ostroumovpharmacistmachine gunsexplosive shellsWorld War IHarold Gilliesskin graftsplastic surgeonsAuguste Charles ValadierWalter YeoBattle of Jutlandflap surgeryotolaryngologistFirst World WarRoyal Army Medical Corpsoral and maxillofacial surgeonHippolyte MorestinArbuthnot-LaneCambridge Military HospitalAldershotSidcupRainsford MowlemArchibald McIndoeWorld War IIarmed forcesRooksdown HouseBasingstokeQueen Victoria HospitalEast GrinsteadSussexrehabilitationwalking-stalk skin graftsalineserendipitousGuinea Pig ClubRichard HillaryBill FoxleyJimmy EdwardsAmerican Board of Plastic Surgerymaxillofacial surgeonsEthnic plastic surgeryorthopedic surgeonsgeneral surgeonsPediatric plastic surgerybirth defectspediatriccraniofacial anomaliesPrison plastic surgeryrecidivismskin graftingAutograftsepithelial cellssiliconeglycosaminoglycansAllograftsJoseph MurrayXenograftswound closure