Civil service
Staff members in "non-departmental public bodies" (sometimes called "QUANGOs") may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions.[4] This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree.The following Tang dynasty (618–907) adopted the same measures for drafting officials, and decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations.However, he had already become a well-known poet at age 12, and among other things he went on to such distinction as a profound literati and dramatist that it would not be far-fetched to regard him as China's answer to William Shakespeare.[9] In the late 19th century, however, the system increasingly engendered internal dissatisfaction, and was criticized as not reflecting candidates' ability to govern well, and for giving undue weight to style over content and originality of thought.In a debate in the unelected chamber of the UK parliament on March 13, 1854, John Browne 'pointed out [clearly with some disdain] that the only precedent for appointing civil servants by literary exams was that of the Chinese government'.[29] In the 18th century, in response to economic changes and the growth of the British Empire, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works and the Navy Board greatly expanded.Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in Guangzhou, China argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China, published in 1847, that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only", and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic.[31] On the other hand, John Browne, in the 1854 debate mentioned above, 'argued that elegant writing had become an end in itself, and the stultifying effect of this on the Chinese civil service had contributed in no small measure to China's failure to develop its early lead over Western civilisations': Coolican, p. 107.In 1853 the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, commissioned Sir Stafford Northcote and Charles Trevelyan to look into the operation and organisation of the Civil Service.It also recommended a clear division between staff responsible for routine ("mechanical") work, and those engaged in policy formulation and implementation in an "administrative" class.This was a tribute to its success in removing corruption, delivering public services (even under the stress of two world wars), and responding effectively to political change.Career civil servants (not temporary workers or politicians) are hired only externally on the basis of entrance examinations (Portuguese: concurso público).The law does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally; they need to be selected in separate external entrance examinations.Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies, are filled by political appointees.The role of the civil service is as the government's administrative machinery to uphold the supreme authority of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam, uphold the National Philosophy – MIB, Melayu Islam Beraja, ensure the development of the country and ensure the welfare of the people as well as its traditional role as the peacekeeper, law enforcer, regulator and service providers.In executing this important role, each civil servant (Khmer: មន្រ្តីរាជការ, Montrey Reachkar) is obligated to act according to the law and is guided by public policy pronouncements.[46] One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on meritocracy is the Imperial bureaucracy of China, which can be traced as far back as the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC).This ideal was not fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and were engaged in many anonymous business affairs in an age of economic revolution in China.The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure that people of lesser means than what was available to candidates born into wealthy, landowning families were given a greater chance to pass the exams and obtain an official degree.The advent of widespread printing in the Song period allowed many more examination candidates access to the Confucian texts whose mastery was required for passing the exams.Arbeitnehmer have work contracts, whereas Beamte are appointed, employed, and removed in accordance with the Public Sector Service and Loyalty law (öffentlich-rechtliches Dienst- und Treueverhältnis).The civil service in Spain (función pública) is usually considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration: central government, autonomous communities, as well as municipalities.Competitions differ notably among the state, the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios de carrera" and "personal laboral" examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another.[55] In December 2011, the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per week regardless of their place or kind of service.Song-dynasty China (960–1279) standardised competitive examinations as a basis for civil-service recruitment and promotion, and in the 19th century administrations in France and Britain followed suit.Agitation against the spoils system in the United States resulted in increasing the independence of the civil service—seen as an important principle in modern times.
Civil Service (album)governmentpublic sectorlocal authoritiespublic serviceQUANGOsintergovernmental organizationInternational Civil Service CommissionUnited NationsUnited Nations General AssemblyOur World in DataGuangdongEmperor Wen of Suicivil service examination systemchancellorYan Libenimperial examinationImperial Chinascholar-bureaucratsaristocratsHan dynastyEmperor Wu of HanxiaolianConfucian classicsnine-rank systemSui dynastywritten examinationsEmperor Yang of SuiTang dynastyWu ZetianNine Classics of ConfucianismcalligraphyQing governmentNew PoliciesRoman empireapparitoresmagistratesheralds.edictsorderliesFeriae Latinaecollegiumcenturiate assemblylictoresRoman kingdomscribaBritish EmpireOffice of WorksNavy BoardHonourable East India CompanyEast India Company Collegeimperial examinationsmeritocratic systemGuangzhouCharles TrevelyanHer Majesty's Civil ServiceChancellor of the ExchequerWilliam GladstoneStafford NorthcoteNorthcote–Trevelyan ReportCrimean WarCivil Service CommissionImperial Civil ServiceBritish IndiaEast India CompanyIndian Rebellion of 1857CommonwealthPendleton Civil Service Reform ActBrazilian Civil ServiceGetúlio VargasPortugueseexecutivelegislativejudicialFederalFederal Districtmunicipalcongressmensenatorsmayorsministerspresidentrepublicgovernment-owned corporationsentrance examinationsUniversity of BrasíliaFederal University of Rio de JaneiroPublic Service of CanadaRoyal Canadian Mounted PoliceCanadian Armed ForcesGovernment employees in the United StatesUnited States federal civil service5 U.S.C.spoils systempolitical appointeesHatch Act of 1939competitive serviceexcepted serviceForeign ServiceWashington, D.C.Royal Government of CambodiameritocracyQin dynastySong dynastyjiedushiFive Dynastieseconomic revolution in Chinascholar-officialcopyistsprintingConfucian textsCivil Service of the People's Republic of ChinaHong Kong Civil ServiceSecretariat for Administration and JusticeCivil Services of IndiaConstitution of IndiaPresident of IndiaAll India ServicesCentral Civil ServicesCivil Services ExaminationEngineering Services ExaminationUnion Public Service CommissionCivil service of JapanCentral Superior Services of Pakistancompetitive examinationBritish Raj