Blu-ray
Given that Blu-ray discs can contain ordinary computer files, there is no fixed limit as to which resolution of video can be stored when not conforming to the official specifications.The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures.Toshiba, the main company supporting HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[9] and later released its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[29] Advanced Access Content System Licensing Administrator (AACS LA), a consortium founded in 2004,[30] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to distribute movies to consumers while preventing copying.[34][35] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006: 50 First Dates, The Fifth Element, Hitch, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, xXx (all from Sony), and MGM's The Terminator.[43][44] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition video solution.[54] This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO—though in Europe, HBO's distribution partner, the BBC, announced it would continue to release product on both formats while keeping an eye on market forces.[67] Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first "hybrid" Blu-ray Disc/(standard) DVD combo, to be released on February 18, 2009.[92] According to the Digital Entertainment Group, the number of Blu-ray Disc playback devices (both set-top box and game console) sold in the United States had reached 28.5 million by the end of 2010.[90] Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand[93] and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device, such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney's Keychest.[95] In an effort to increase sales, studios began releasing films in combo packs with Blu-ray Discs and DVDs, as well as digital copies that can be played on computers and mobile devices.[125] Colloidal silica-dispersed UV-curable resins are used for the hard coating, given that, according to the Blu-ray Disc Association, they offer the best tradeoff between scratch resistance, optical properties, and productivity.[119] In contrast, DVD media are not required to be scratch-resistant, but since development of the technology, some companies, such as Verbatim, implemented hard-coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs.The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu-ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD.AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs, but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity, codec types, and data rates.[158] BD-RE 4.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2.5 as file system.The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.50 in the second BD-RE specification in 2005, to enable interoperability among consumer electronics, Blu-ray recorders, and personal computer systems.MPEG-2 was used by many studios (including Paramount Pictures, which initially used the VC-1 format for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray Discs, which were launched throughout 2006.[188] Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use.[192] At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard.[219] Instructions ("hacks") describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums.[221][222] This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations opposed to DRM, such as the Free Software Foundation,[223] and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback.[224][225] Blu-ray equipment is required to implement the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections.Through a protocol flag in the media stream called the Image Constraint Token (ICT), a Blu-ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP-compliant link is not used.It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Panasonic, Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba, and Sony.[228] BD+, effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players, allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs.[230][231] Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD (versions 0.6 and above, along with some supporting software),[232] MakeMKV,[233] and two applications from DVDFab (Passkey and HD Decrypter).In consequence, any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players.[240] High Fidelity Pure Audio (HFPA) is a marketing initiative, spearheaded by the Universal Music Group, for audio-only Blu-ray optical discs.MPEG4-MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50% overhead compared to equivalent 2D content, and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray Disc players.
* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
Region A/1
Region B/2
Region C/3
High-densityoptical discEncodingH.262/MPEG-2 Part 2H.264/MPEG-4 AVCH.265/HEVCUltra HD Blu-raydiode laserBlu-ray Disc AssociationData storageHigh-definition videoHigh-resolution audioStereoscopic 3DPlayStation 3 gamesPlayStation 4 gamesPlayStation 5 gamesXbox One gamesXbox Series X gamesArchival DiscOptical discsOptical disc driveOptical disc authoringRecording technologiesRecording modesPacket writingBurst cutting areaCD-ROM5.1 Music DiscPhoto CDCD-TextCD-ROM XAMIL-CDMini CDDVD-R DLDVD+R DLDVD-R DSDVD+R DSDVD-RWDVD+RWDVD-RAMDVD-VideoEcoDiscMiniDVDBD-R & BD-REBlu-ray 3DM-DISCUniversal Media Disc (UMD)Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)HD DVDHD DVD-RHD DVD-RWHD DVD-RAMHigh-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)GD-ROMPersonal Video Disc (PVD)MD Data, MD Data2LD-ROMLV-ROMVideo Single Disc (VSD)Magneto-optical discsUltra Density Optical (UDO)3D optical data storageStacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)Fluorescent Multilayer DiscHyper CD-ROMNintendo optical disc (NOD)Professional DiscDataPlayMount RainierMount FujiRainbow BooksISO 9660JolietRock RidgeEl ToritoApple ISO 9660 ExtensionsISO 13490History of optical storage mediaHigh-definition optical disc format wardigitalfeature filmsPlayStation 3PlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series Xblue laservioletpolycarbonateprogressiveinterlacedframes per secondletterboxingmultimediacomputer filesToshibavideo on demandbroadbandKees Schouhamer Imminklaser diodesnanometersPanasonicPhilipsPioneerCEATECdigital rights managementContent Scramble System20th Century FoxDurabis50 First DatesThe Fifth ElementHouse of Flying DaggersThe TerminatorMPEG-2DVD ForumWarner Bros.motion picture studiosU.S. Department of JusticeCES 2007Total Hi DefNew Line CinemaBest BuyWalmart