Videotape
The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high-quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory.RCA demonstrated the magnetic tape recording of both black-and-white and color television programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1, 1953.[5][6] The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record and play back only a few minutes of a television program.The color system used half-inch (1.27 cm) tape on 10½ inch reels to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio.[7] RCA-owned NBC first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23, 1956, when a prerecorded song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live television program.CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system.[13][14] On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show Truth or Consequences, produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape.On December 7, 1963, instant replay, originally a videotape-based system, was used for the first time during the live transmission of the Army–Navy Game by its inventor, director Tony Verna.Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape.While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179[13] and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel)[19] meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.Some classic television programs recorded on studio videotape have been made available on DVD – among them NBC's Peter Pan (first telecast in 1960) with Mary Martin as Peter, several episodes of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (late 1950s/early 60s), the final Howdy Doody Show (1960), the television version of Hal Holbrook's one-man show Mark Twain Tonight (first telecast in 1967), and Mikhail Baryshnikov's classic production of the ballet The Nutcracker (first telecast in 1977).Sony continued its hold on the professional market with its ever-expanding ½ʺ (1.27 cm) component video Betacam family introduced in 1982.In Europe, Philips had developed the Video 2000 format, which did not find favor with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS.Videocassettes finally made it possible for consumers to buy or rent a complete film and watch it at home whenever they wished, rather than going to a movie theater or having to wait until it was telecast.The DVC or MiniDV format provides broadcast-quality video and sophisticated nonlinear editing capability on consumer and some professional equipment and has been used on feature films, including Danny Boyle's 28 Days Later (2002, shot on a Canon XL1)[26][27] and David Lynch's Inland Empire (2006, shot on a Sony DSR-PD150).Yet videotape was still used extensively, especially by consumers, up until about 2004, when DVD-based camcorders became affordable and domestic computers had large enough hard drives to store an acceptable amount of video.Small hard disks and writable optical discs have been used, with solid-state memory such as SD cards being the current market leader.Master copies of visual content are often stored on tape for these reasons, particularly by users who cannot afford to move to tapeless machines.During the mid- to late 2000s, professional users such as broadcast television were still using tape heavily but tapeless formats like P2, XDCAM and AVCHD were gaining broader acceptance.
In Rainbowsmagnetic tapeanalogdigital signalvideo tape recordersvideocassette recorderscamcorderselectrocardiogrambandwidthstationary headshelical-scanlinearhard disksflash memoryBing CrosbyJohn T. MullinkinescopeVision Electronic Recording Apparatusquadruplex videotapecolor televisionPrincetontelevision programDorothy Collinslive televisionhelical scanlongitudinal recordingQuadruplex systemToshibaMiniDVbroadcast qualitykinescopesNational Association of BroadcastersChicagoCBS TelevisionDouglas Edwards and the NewsNew York CityPacific Time ZoneNBC TelevisionTruth or ConsequencesAn Evening With Fred Astairetelevision networkUCLA Film and Television Archiveinstant replayArmy–Navy GameTony VernaMany early videotape recordings were not preservederased and reusedThe Edsel ShowKraft Music HallMilton BerleWRC-TVWashington, D.C.Donald O'ConnorPeter PanMary MartinThe Dinah Shore Chevy ShowHowdy Doody ShowHal HolbrookMark Twain TonightMikhail BaryshnikovThe NutcrackerType C videotapeType B videotapeU-maticcompositecomponent videoBetacamPanasonicdigitalDigital BetacamBetacam SXMPEG IMXDVCPRO50D9/Digital-Sazimuth recordingvideo productionhigh-definition videoHDCAM SRDVCPRO HDD-5 HDVideo 8PhilipsBetamaxvideotape format warVideo 2000Blockbustertime shiftingtelevision programscult filmshome moviesdegaussingrandom accesssequential accessclosed captioningDVD recordersdigital video recordersVideo8broadcast-quality28 Days LaterInland EmpireDigital8analog videoMicroMVTapeless productiontapelessSD cardsdelay linesSociety of Motion Picture and Television EngineersWayback MachinePoptronicsInverseVideo storage formatsQuadruplexAmpex 2 inch helical VTRType ACV-2000EIAJ-1CartrivisionPhilips VCRV-CordVX (videocassette format)Type BType CAkai VKVideo Cassette RecordingCompact Video Cassette