Timeline of quantum computing and communication

This is a timeline of quantum computing.
Chip constructed by D-Wave Systems Inc. designed to operate as a 128-qubit superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor, mounted in a sample holder (2009)
IBM Q System One (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer
Working IQM Quantum Computer installed in Espoo, Finland in 2020
Google Sycamore quantum computer processor in 2019
Simplified scale mode of a quantum computing demonstrator housed in two 19-inch racks with major components labeled
History of computingHardwareHardware 1960s to presentSoftwareSoftware configuration managementFree software and open-source softwareComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceCompiler constructionEarly computer scienceOperating systemsProgramming languagesProminent pioneersSoftware engineeringGeneral-purpose CPUsGraphical user interfaceInternetLaptopsPersonal computersVideo gamesWorld Wide WebBulgariaEastern BlocPolandRomaniaSouth AmericaSoviet UnionYugoslaviaTimeline of computingbefore 19501950–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–20192020–presentGlossary of computer sciencequantum computingStephen Wiesnerconjugate codingJames L. Parkno-cloning theoremAlexander HolevoqubitsHolevo's theoremCharles H. Bennettreversiblysuperposition principleRoman Stanisław Ingardenquantum information theoryShannon information theoryquantumPaul Benioffquantum mechanicsSchrödinger equationTuring machinesYuri ManinTommaso ToffoliToffoli gateancilla bitsfunctionally completereversibleRichard FeynmanWilliam WoottersWojciech H. ZurekDennis DieksCharles BennettGilles BrassardDavid Deutschuniversal quantum computerUniversal Turing machineChurch–Turing thesispolynomialAsher PeresYoshihisa YamamotoGerard J. MilburnFredkin gateBikas ChakrabartiSaha Institute of Nuclear Physicsquantum annealingsimulated annealingArtur EkertentanglementDeutsch–Jozsa algorithmcomputational complexityUmesh VaziraniBernstein–Vazirani algorithmMax Planck Institute of Quantum OpticsDan SimonUniversité de MontréaloracleSimon's problemexponentially fasteralgorithmPeter Shor's factorization algorithmPeter ShorBell LabsNew JerseyShor's algorithmfactoringdiscrete logcryptosystemsUnited States GovernmentGaithersburg, MarylandIsaac ChuangIgnacio CiracUniversity of Castilla–La ManchaCiudad RealPeter ZollerUniversity of Innsbruckcontrolled NOT gatecold trapped ionsUnited States Department of Defensequantum cryptographyUnited States ArmyJonathan DowlingUniversity of ArizonaTucsonquantum error correctionChristopher MonroeDavid J. WinelandBoulder, ColoradoSubhash Kakquantum neural networkLov Groverquantum database search algorithmquadraticArmy Research LaboratoryNational Security AgencyAndrew SteaneSteane codeDavid DiVincenzoDiVincenzo's criteriaSeth LloydDavid G. CoryNeil Gershenfeldnuclear magnetic resonancemagnetic resonance imagingAlexei Kitaevtopological quantum computationdecoherenceDaniel LossLoss-DiVincenzo quantum computerspin-1/2quantum dotsJonathan A. JonesMichele MoscaAlmaden Research CenterStanford Universitynuclear spin quantum computerGrover's algorithmTokyo Institute of TechnologyDaniel GottesmanGottesman–Knill theoremSamuel L. BraunsteinGabriel AeppliThomas RosenbaumYasunobu NakamuraJaw-Shen Tsaisuperconducting circuitArun K. Patiquantum no-deleting theoremTechnical University of MunichLos Alamos National LaboratoryQuantum Computation and Quantum InformationMichael NielsenSandu PopescuRaymond Laflammeoptical quantum computingHans Jürgen Briegelmeasurement-based quantum computationInstitute for Quantum ComputingUniversity of WaterlooMike LazaridisJohns Hopkins UniversityApplied Physics LaboratoryJeremy O'BrienUniversity of QueenslandRainer BlattQuantum NetworkInstitute for Quantum Optics and Quantum InformationRudolf GrimmAnton Zeilingerpure stateparahydrogenOxford UniversityUniversity of YorkPan JianweiUniversity of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignJosephson junctionW statesquantum registerstrapped ionsHarvard UniversityGeorgia Institute of TechnologybuckminsterfullereneZeno Effectcounterfactual quantum computationVlatko VedralUniversity of SheffieldPerimeter Institute for Theoretical PhysicsDelft University of TechnologyUniversity of ArkansasUniversity of CopenhagenUniversity of Camerinonuclear spinKane quantum computerone-way quantum computersmeasurementcollapseentangledcluster stateDeutsch's algorithmcoupled qubitsspin-based electronicssiliconquantum registerbuckyballSpin–orbit interactionBose–Einstein condensatequantum memoryD-Wave SystemsHHL algorithmGrapheneQutritsquantum Hall EffectQuantum DarwinismCarbon 12anyonsboson samplingQuantum dotVon Neumann architecture1QB Information Technologies (1QBit)Carbon-13Edward Snowdencryptographyquantum teleportationhydrogenSneakernetquditsVisual StudioteleportationJohn Preskillnoisy intermediate-scale quantumNational Quantum Initiative ActPresidentDonald TrumpUnited States2019 in scienceIBM Q System OneMap Project OfficeSycamore processorquantum supremacyUniversity of Science and Technology of China2020 in scienceTimeline of computing 2020–present2020 in philosophyspontaneous parametric down-conversionquantum technologyartificial atomssilicon quantum dotssilicon-based quantum computerssingle-photon sourcepolarisationrandomlyquantum measurementqutritsuperpositionsprobabilitiesquantum nondemolition measurementsquantum computersnanodevicesquantum natureRashba effectperovskitesfor solar cellsquantum electronicsquantum radarmicrowavesmanganitecorrelated electrons'orbital statefemtosecondX-ray laserbasic unit of informationquantum photonicsrubidiumBose–Einstein condensatesCold Atom LaboratoryInternational Space Stationmicrogravityfew-body physicsatom–wave interferometryatom laserssynthetic molecular motorquantum tunnelingquantum communication nodesphononsdelayed-choice quantum erasurecoherentcosmic rayscoherenceshieldedquantum computerHartree–Fock approximationSycamorequantum communication networkBristolXanadumotion of a millimetre-sized mechanical oscillatorphotonicJiuzhangcounterfactual quantum communicationentangling gatelogical qubitstopological quantum error-correction codestrapped-ion quantum computerdronesAzure Quantumpreprinttransmissionsextraterrestrial intelligenceToshibaquantum communicationsquantum advantageRigettiquantum simulatorRydeberg atomoptical tweezersbaryonsIBM Eaglememristive deviceneuromorphic (quantum-) computersartificial neural networksQuantinuumquantum volumeintegrated circuitNature Materialsboron nitrideNaturemetasurfacesMax Planck Institute for Quantum Opticsgraph statesdimethylphosphitephysicssupercomputerMicrosofttopological quantum computerMajorana fermionsTU DarmstadtRydberg atomsCondorOspreyprotonsquarksgluonsBrown UniversityexcitonsHall effectUNSW SydneyantimonyantimonidesphosphorusList of companies involved in quantum computing or communicationList of quantum processorsBibcodeCiteSeerXToffoli, TommasoJ. van LeeuwenFeynman, RichardRev. Mod. Phys.Shor, Peter W.Steane, AndrewLloyd, LloydChuang, Isaac L.Gershenfeld, NeilAmerican Physical SocietyGottesman, DanielPhysical Review LettersDowling, Jonathan P.New ScientistMax Planck SocietyElectronics WeeklyScientific AmericanScience DailyNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyScienceDailyUniversity of TorontoPrinceton UniversityPurdue UniversityNemoto, K.Georgia Tech Research InstituteMoskowitz, ClaraScienceThe New York TimesNewsweekIndependent.co.ukInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersNature CommunicationsUniversity of New South WalesUniversity of ViennaPhys.orgNational Institute of Information and Communications TechnologyHistory of physicstimelineClassical physicsAstronomyElectromagnetismElectrical engineeringMaxwell's equationsFluid mechanicsAerodynamicsField theoryGravitational theoryMaterial scienceMetamaterialsMechanicsVariational principlesOpticsSpectroscopyThermodynamicsEnergyEntropyPerpetual motionModern physicsSuperconductivityBig Bang theoryGeneral relativityGeophysicsFissionFusionWeaponsMoleculesQuantum field theorySubatomic physicsSpecial relativityLorentz transformationsLoop quantum gravityNanotechnologyString theoryCosmic microwave backgroundGravitational wavesHiggs bosonNeutronSpeed of lightCopernican RevolutionGolden age of cosmologyGolden age of physicsMedieval Islamic worldNoisy intermediate-scale quantum eraHarvard ComputersThe MartiansOxford CalculatorsVia Panisperna boysWomen in physicsBohr–EinsteinChandrasekhar–EddingtonGalileo affairLeibniz–NewtonJoule–von MayerShapley–CurtisTransfermium WarsQuantum information scienceNISQ eraQuantum informationQuantum programmingQuantum simulationphysical vs. logicalQuantum processorscloud-basedBell'sEastin–KnillGleason'sGottesman–KnillHolevo'sNo-broadcastingNo-cloningNo-communicationNo-deletingNo-hidingNo-teleportationQuantum speed limitThresholdSolovay–KitaevPurificationClassical capacityentanglement-assistedquantum capacityEntanglement distillationMonogamy of entanglementQuantum channelquantum gate teleportationSuperdense codingPost-quantum cryptographyQuantum coin flippingQuantum moneyQuantum key distributionSARG04other protocolsQuantum secret sharingQuantum algorithmsAmplitude amplificationBernstein–VaziraniDeutsch–JozsaGrover'sHidden subgroupQuantum countingQuantum Fourier transformQuantum optimizationQuantum phase estimationShor'sSimon'sQuantumcomplexity theoryPostBQPRandomized benchmarkingRelaxation timescomputing modelsAdiabatic quantum computationContinuous-variable quantum informationOne-way quantum computerQuantum circuitquantum logic gateQuantum machine learningQuantum Turing machineQuantumerror correctionquantum convolutionalstabilizerBacon–ShorSteaneQuantum opticsCavity QEDCircuit QEDLinear optical QCKLM protocolUltracold atomsNeutral atom QCTrapped-ion QCKane QCSpin qubit QCNV centerNMR QCSuperconductingCharge qubitFlux qubitPhase qubitTransmonQuantumprogrammingOpenQASMQiskitIBM QXForest/Rigetti QCSlibquantummany others...IntroductionHistoryClassical mechanicsOld quantum theoryGlossaryBorn ruleBra–ket notation ComplementarityDensity matrixEnergy levelGround stateExcited stateDegenerate levelsZero-point energyHamiltonianInterferenceNonlocalityQuantum stateSuperpositionTunnellingScattering theorySymmetry in quantum mechanicsUncertaintyWave functionWave–particle dualityFormulationsHeisenbergInteractionMatrix mechanicsSchrödingerPath integral formulationPhase spaceKlein–GordonMajoranaRarita–SchwingerRydbergInterpretationsBayesianConsistent historiesCopenhagende Broglie–BohmEnsembleHidden-variableSuperdeterminismMany-worldsObjective collapseQuantum logicRelationalTransactionalVon Neumann–WignerBell testDavisson–GermerDelayed-choice quantum eraserDouble-slitFranck–HertzMach–Zehnder interferometerElitzur–VaidmanPopperQuantum eraserStern–GerlachWheeler's delayed choiceQuantum biologyQuantum chemistryQuantum chaosQuantum cosmologyQuantum differential calculusQuantum dynamicsQuantum geometryQuantum measurement problemQuantum mindQuantum stochastic calculusQuantum spacetimeTechnologyQuantum amplifierQuantum busQuantum cellular automataQuantum finite automataQuantum complexity theoryQuantum imagingQuantum image processingQuantum logic gatesQuantum machineQuantum metamaterialQuantum metrologyQuantum sensingQuantum fluctuationCasimir effectQuantum statistical mechanicsQuantum gravityRelativistic quantum mechanicsSchrödinger's catin popular cultureWigner's friendEPR paradoxQuantum mysticismComputingScientificWomen in computingAlgorithmsBinary prefixesMachine learningFree and open-source softwareHypertext technologyDOS familyWindowsVirtualization developmentMalwareInternet conflictsWeb browsersWeb search enginesKathleen AntonelliJohn Vincent AtanasoffCharles BabbageJohn BackusJean BartikGeorge BooleVint CerfJohn CockeStephen CookEdsger W. DijkstraJ. Presper EckertAdele GoldstineLois HaibtBetty HolbertonMargaret HamiltonGrace HopperDavid A. HuffmanBob KahnBrian KernighanAndrew KoenigSemyon KorsakovNancy LevesonAda LovelaceDonald KnuthJoseph KruskalDouglas McIlroyMarlyn MeltzerJohn von NeumannKlára Dán von NeumannDennis RitchieGuido van RossumClaude ShannonFrances SpenceBjarne StroustrupRuth TeitelbaumKen ThompsonLinus TorvaldsAlan TuringPaul VixieLarry WallStephen WolframNiklaus WirthSteve WozniakKonrad Zuse