Field hockey
[2] In Ancient Egypt, there is a depiction of two figures playing with sticks and ball in the Beni Hasan tomb of Khety, an administrator of Dynasty XI.[7] In South America, most specifically in Chile, the local natives of the 16th century used to play a game called chueca,[what language is this?]By the 12th century, a team ball game called la soule or choule, akin to a chaotic and sometimes long-distance version of hockey or rugby football (depending on whether sticks were used in a particular local variant), was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes.Throughout the Middle Ages to the Early Modern era, such games often involved the local clergy or secular aristocracy, and in some periods were limited to them by various anti-gaming edicts, or even banned altogether.[3] Stein and Rubino, among others, ultimately trace aspects of these games both to rituals in antiquity involving orbs and sceptres (on the aristocratic and clerical side), and to ancient military training exercises (on the popular side); polo (essentially hockey on horseback) was devised by the Ancient Persians for cavalry training, based on the local proto-hockey foot game of the region.One belief is that it was recorded in 1363 when Edward III of England issued the proclamation: "Moreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games".[9] The belief is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam".[citation needed] Teddington Hockey Club formed the modern game by introducing the striking circle and changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube.[citation needed] Hockey has been predominantly played on the East Coast, specifically the Mid-Atlantic in states such as New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.Field hockey goals are made of two upright posts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar, with a net positioned to catch the ball when it passes through the goalposts.While hockey is still played on traditional grass fields at some local levels and lesser national divisions, it has been replaced by synthetic surfaces almost everywhere in the western world.Play is not stopped for a substitution (except of a goalkeeper), the players leave and rejoin the match simultaneously at the half-way line.For example, it is not uncommon to see a halfback overlap and end up in either attacking position, with the midfield and strikers being responsible for re-adjusting to fill the space they left.This fluid Australian culture[further explanation needed] of hockey has been responsible for developing an international trend towards players occupying spaces on the field, not having assigned positions.This fluid approach to hockey and player movement has made it easy for teams to transition between formations such as: "3 at the back", "5 midfields", "2 at the front", and more.A jab tackle, for example, might accidentally lift the ball above knee height into an opponent from close range but at such low velocity as not to be, in the opinion of the umpire, dangerous play.In the same way a high-velocity hit at very close range into an opponent, but below knee height, could be considered to be dangerous or reckless play in the view of the umpire, especially when safer alternatives are open to the striker of the ball.A lifted ball that is falling to a player in clear space may be made potentially dangerous by the actions of an opponent closing to within 5m of the receiver before the ball has been controlled to ground – a rule which is often only loosely applied; the distance allowed is often only what might be described as playing distance, 2–3 m, and opponents tend to be permitted to close on the ball as soon as the receiver plays it: these unofficial variations are often based on the umpire's perception of the skill of the players i.e. on the level of the game, in order to maintain game flow, which umpires are in general in both Rules and Briefing instructed to do, by not penalising when it is unnecessary to do so; this is also a matter at the umpire's discretion.It is not against the rules to bounce the ball on the stick and even to run with it while doing so, as long as that does not lead to a potentially dangerous conflict with an opponent who is attempting to make a tackle.This last restriction has been removed but the stick should still not be used in a way that endangers an opponent) or attempting to tackle, (fouls relating to tripping, impeding and obstruction).Hockey uses a three-tier penalty card system of warnings and suspensions: If a coach is sent off, depending on local rules, a player may have to leave the field for the remaining length of the match.[42] However, many associations follow the previous procedure consisting of two periods of 7.5 minutes of "golden goal" extra time during which the game ends as soon as one team scores.If the scores remain equal, the game enters a one-on-one competition where each team chooses five players to dribble from the 25-yard (23 m) line down to the circle against the opposing goalkeeper.At first, after this feature was introduced, the Hockey Rules Board placed a limit of 50 mm on the maximum depth of bow over the length of the stick but experience quickly demonstrated this to be excessive.[citation needed] International Hockey Federation rules for women are written so players may choose between shorts, skorts, or skirts if they have the same design and color across the team.A goalie may not cross the 23 m line, the sole exception to this being if the goalkeeper is to take a penalty stroke at the other end of the field, when the clock is stopped.To increase the effectiveness of the tackle, players will often place the entire stick close to the ground horizontally, thus representing a wider barrier.The FIH felt it was a dangerous practice that could easily lead to raised deflections and injuries in the circle, which is often crowded at a free-hit situation, and outlawed it.India and Pakistan dominated men's hockey until the early 1980s, winning eight Olympic golds and three of the first five world cups, respectively, but have become less prominent with the ascendancy of Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, and Spain since the late 1980s, as grass playing surfaces were replaced with artificial turf.Four nations have won Olympic gold medals in both men's and women's hockey: Germany, Netherlands, Australia and Great Britain.
HockeyIce hockeyField hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympicsgoverning bodyInternational Hockey FederationOlympicpresentteam sporthockey ballhockey stickartificial turfcarbon fibrefibreglasspublic schoolsOlympic GamesWorld CupFIH Pro LeagueJunior World CupWorld LeagueChampions TrophyHockey Rules Boardsport's rulesindoor field hockeyHistory of field hockeyancient Greekground billiardsNational Archaeological Museum, AthensAncient EgyptBeni HasanDynasty XIAncient Greeceilluminated manuscriptscourtlyclericalEast AsiaInner MongoliaDaur peoplebeikouMing dynastyYuan dynastyPunjab stateNorthern EuropehurlingIrelandknattleikrIcelandEarly Middle Agesla soulerugby footballMiddle AgesEarly Modern eraaristocracysceptresmilitary training exercisesAncient PersianscavalryEdward IIIJohn StrypeNorwayNorges BandyforbundBlackheathLondoncricketTeddingtonSummer OlympicsFédération Internationale de Hockey sur GazonOlympic gameIrish Senior CupIrish Junior CupBeighton CupDhyan ChandIndian dribbledeveloping countriesIrish Ladies Hockey UnionConstance ApplebeeSeven SistersBryn Mawr CollegeTitle IXEngland HockeyIrish Hockey AssociationHockey AustraliaField hockey pitchimperial measuressynthetic grassMontrealpile depthField hockey stickBrisbaneVirginia Cavaliersformationsassociation footballFilip NeusserumpiresPenalty cornershort or penalty cornerdrag flickPenalty strokepenalty cardPenn Statepenalty boxPenalty shoot-out (field hockey)penalty shoot-outgolden goalEuro Hockey LeagueOlympics2016 OlympicsUnited StatesNational Federation of State High School AssociationsUSA Field Hockeymouth guardsshin guardskevlarchamois leatherdiameterindentationsaquaplaningInternational field hockey tournaments2016 Champions TrophyHockey World Cupwomen'sPakistanBelgiumNetherlandsGermanyNew ZealandAustralia