Time-sharing
[4] Comparatively inexpensive card punch or paper tape writers were used by programmers to write their programs "offline".This situation limited interactive development to those organizations that could afford to waste computing cycles: large universities for the most part."[10] Christopher Strachey, who became Oxford University's first professor of computation, filed a patent application in the United Kingdom for "time-sharing" in February 1959.[11][12] He gave a paper "Time Sharing in Large Fast Computers"[13] at the first UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris in June that year, where he passed the concept on to J. C. R.These include SAGE (1958), SABRE (1960)[6] and PLATO II (1961), created by Donald Bitzer at a public demonstration at Robert Allerton Park near the University of Illinois in early 1961.DTSS's creators wrote in 1968 that "any response time which averages more than 10 seconds destroys the illusion of having one's own computer".[26] With the rise of microcomputing in the early 1980s, time-sharing became less significant, because individual microprocessors were sufficiently inexpensive that a single person could have all the CPU time dedicated solely to their needs, even when idle.Expensive corporate server farms costing millions can host thousands of customers all sharing the same common resources.As with the early serial terminals, web sites operate primarily in bursts of activity followed by periods of idle time.Companies providing this service included GE's GEISCO, the IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), AL/COM, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) and Time Sharing Ltd. in the UK.[30][31] In 1975, acting president of Prime Computer Ben F. Robelen told stockholders that "The biggest end-user market currently is time-sharing".[citation needed] Although many time-sharing services simply closed, Rapidata[35][36] held on, and became part of National Data Corporation.[38] Even as revenue fell by 66%[39] and National Data subsequently developed its own problems, attempts were made to keep this timesharing business going.
TimeshareTime-division multiple accessTime Sharing (novel)History of computingHardwareHardware 1960s to presentSoftwareSoftware configuration managementFree software and open-source softwareComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceCompiler constructionEarly computer scienceOperating systemsProgramming languagesProminent pioneersSoftware engineeringGeneral-purpose CPUsGraphical user interfaceInternetLaptopsPersonal computersVideo gamesWorld Wide WebQuantumBulgariaEastern BlocPolandRomaniaSouth AmericaSoviet UnionYugoslaviaTimeline of computingbefore 19501950–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–20192020–presentGlossary of computer sciencecomputingconcurrentprocessing timesimultaneousmulti-taskingconcurrentlyinteractive use of computersapplicationsBatch processingrun timescard punchpaper tapeUniversity of WisconsinJohn BackusBob BemerChristopher StracheyOxford University'sJ. C. R. LickliderMIT Computation CentermultiprogramminginteractivelyPLATO IIDonald BitzerRobert Allerton ParkinteractiveCompatible Time-Sharing SystemJohn McCarthyFernando J. CorbatóPhilip M. MorseIBM 704IBM 709IBM 7090IBM 7094MulticsProject MACDartmouth Time-Sharing Systemcomputer terminalsmainframe computerscentralized computinginterruptIEEE 488desktop computerspagingearly mainframe gamesCPU timeservice bureausTeletype Model 33IBM Selectric typewriterIBM 2741central computerdial-upacoustically coupledmodemsSDS 940PDP-10IBM 360GE-600 seriesGEISCOService Bureau CorporationTymshareNational CSSAL/COMBolt, Beranek, and Newman Time Sharing Ltd.National Institutes of HealthBurroughsHoneywellUnivacPrime Computer360/67Time Sharing Ltd.personal computerNational Data CorporationTime Sharing Limitedcomputing utilityTed NelsonXanaduprocessesshared resourcesprivilegesshell accountsTime-sharing system evolutionAllen-BabcockIBM S/360Bell Labs