Salinas v. Texas
Salinas v. Texas, 570 US 178 (2013), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which the court held 5-4 decision, declaring that the Fifth Amendment's self-incrimination clause does not extend to defendants who simply choose to remain silent during questioning, even though no arrest has been made nor the Miranda rights read to a defendant.[5][6][7] However, Salinas disagreed with the prosecutor and argued that he could still invoke Fifth Amendment rights as a protection against self-incrimination whether he was in custody or not."[10] Justice Kennedy concluded that "any witness who desires protection against self-incrimination must explicitly claim that protection"[8] and also "this requirement ensures that the government is put on notice when a defendant intends to claim this privilege and allows the government to either argue that the testimony is not self-incriminating or offer immunity.The Supreme Court held that there are two exceptions on the principle: Associate Justice Clarence Thomas in a separate opinion, joined by Justice Antonin Scalia, said that: "Salinas' Fifth Amendment privilege would not have been applicable even if invoked because the prosecutor's testimony regarding his silence did not compel Salinas to give self-incriminating testimony".Justice Stephen Breyer, joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan, wrote a dissenting opinion arguing that "Salinas' silence was enough to claim the Fifth Amendment privilege and the majority raised clear problems for uneducated defendants who may not know the explicit language necessary to protect their rights.