Robot-assisted surgery
[2] The concept of using standard hand grips to control manipulators and cameras of various sizes down to sub-miniature was described in the Robert Heinlein story 'Waldo' in August 1942, which also mentioned brain surgery.The da Vinci system uses robotic arms to manipulate surgical instruments, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and control.[15] ZEUS was introduced commercially in 1998, and started the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient.[16] ZEUS was first used during a gynecological surgery in 1997 to reconnect Fallopian tubes in Cleveland Ohio,[5][17] a beating heart coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999,[18] and the Lindbergh Operation, which was a cholecystectomy performed remotely in September 2001.[20][21] The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at Stanford Research Institute International in Menlo Park with grant support from DARPA and NASA.The da Vinci senses the surgeon's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments.[32][33] In August 2007, Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performed the first robotic-assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain.[34] In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.[38] In September 2010, the first robotic operation at the femoral vasculature was performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana by a team led by Borut Geršak.Although VATS is the less expensive option, the robotic-assisted approach offers benefits such as 3D visualizations with seven degrees of freedom and improved dexterity while having equivalent perioperative outcomes.[52] Surgical robots have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the mastoid bone, accessing the inner ear and inserting the electrode into the cochlea.[53] Advantages of robot-assisted cochlear implantation include improved accuracy,[54] resulting in fewer mistakes during electrode insertion and better hearing outcomes for patients.This helps the implant team to predict where the contacts of the electrode array will be located within the cochlea, which can assist with audio processor fitting post-surgery.[57] Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or da Vinci robot systems,[5] including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy[58] for cancer.Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices.[61][62] Robot-assisted pancreatectomies have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay[s]" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe complications, pancreatic fistula, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups.Robotic surgery can be used to treat fibroids, abnormal periods, endometriosis, ovarian tumors, uterine prolapse, and female cancers.Cost disadvantages are applied with procedures such as a cholecystectomy and fundoplication, but are suitable opportunities for surgeons to advance their robotic surgery skills.Unlike laparoscopic surgery, the robotic platform allows for the correction of large hernia defects with specialized techniques that would traditionally only be performed via an open approach.Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time.Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain.However, recently the Senhance robotic system by Asensus Surgical was developed with haptic feedback in order to improve the interaction between the surgeon and the tissue.[98] The robots can also be very large, have instrumentation limitations, and there may be issues with multi-quadrant surgery as current devices are solely used for single-quadrant application.A study from July 2005 to December 2008 was conducted to analyze the mechanical failures of the da Vinci Surgical System at a single institute.[104] Since April 2018, medical insurance coverage was expanding in Japan, so doctors were considering promoting the procedure for cardiac surgery, as it has the advantage of reducing the burden on the patient.With this, Teika sends its technical specialist to Tojo to try to convince them to update their techniques, including the use of the Da Vinci robot (named in the drama as Darwin).
surgical proceduresroboticminimally-invasive surgical proceduresdissectionhemostasisresectiontelemanipulatorda Vinci Surgical Systemmanipulatorsstereoscopic visionoperating tablerobotic armsend-effectorstrocarssurgical assistantscrub nursescrubbedsuctioncomputer systemremote surgeryVancouverbiomedical engineerJames McEwenengineering physicsDr. Brian DayorthopaedicUBC HospitalarthroscopicNational GeographicUnimation Puma 200SRI InternationalIntuitive SurgicalComputer MotionZEUS robotic surgical systemThe Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbusRobert E. MichlerLindbergh Operationcholecystectomyheart bypasskidney transplantartificial intelligenceheart arrhythmiadatabaseUniversity of Chicago Comer Children's HospitalUniversity of CalgaryNeuroArmGerman Aerospace CentreMiroSurgeEindhoven University of Technologyfemoral vasculatureUniversity Medical Centre LjubljanaVersius Surgical Robotic SystemOphthalmologysurgeriesoperating roompterygiumAtrial septal defectMitral valve repairCoronary artery bypassmediastinalda Vinci Xi systemvideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgeryopen thoracic surgerycochlear implantationSwitzerlandmastoid boneinner earcochleada Vincibariatric surgerygastrectomygastroesophageal refluxHeller myotomyachalasiapancreatectomiespancreatic fistulagynecologyoncologyfibroidsendometriosisovarian tumorsuterine prolapsehysterectomieslymph nodenatural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgerymyomectomycervical cancerarthroplastycomputer tomographypedicleminimally invasive spine surgeryquadrantfundoplicationhernia surgerylaparoscopic surgeryinguinal herniaventral herniaprostatectomyradical prostatectomyradical cystectomiesPediatricabdominalPyeloplastyUreteroureterostomyNephrectomylaparoscopyminimally invasive surgerymixed realityAir Force Research LaboratoryJournal of Robotic SurgeryBlack PeanDa Vinci robotBone segment navigationComputer-assisted surgeryDiagnostic robotPatient registrationStereolithography (medicine)Surgical Segment NavigatorTelemedicineYouTubeFood and Drug AdministrationEngadgetPhys.OrgBibcodeJournal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology