Propionic acid
About half of the world production of propionic acid is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption.At the current time, the world's largest producer of propionic acid is BASF, with approximately 150 kt/a production capacity.Propionic acid production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici immobilized on 3D-printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study.It was shown that those 3D-printed beads were able to promote high density cell attachment and propionic acid production, which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses.[20][21] Alternative methods of production have been trialled, by genetically engineering strains of Escherichia coli to incorporate the necessary pathway, the Wood-Werkman cycle.A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle and can be readily incorporated there.[29][30] Additionally, exogenous propionic acid administration results in more endogenous glucose production than can be accounted for by gluconeogenic conversion alone.Propanoate is metabolized oxidatively by glia, which suggests astrocytic vulnerability in propionic acidemia when intramitochondrial propionyl-CoA may accumulate.[35] Propionate is observed to be among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the large intestine of humans by gut microbiota in response to indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) in the diet.[38] A study in mice suggests that propionate is produced by the bacteria of the genus Bacteroides in the gut, and that it offers some protection against Salmonella there.
Preferred IUPAC nameCAS NumberChEMBLChemSpiderDrugBankECHA InfoCardEC NumberE numberIUPHAR/BPSPubChemRTECS numberCompTox DashboardSMILESChemical formulaMolar massDensityMelting pointBoiling pointSublimationconditionsSolubility in waterSolubilityVapor pressureHenry's lawconstantAcidityMagnetic susceptibilityRefractive indexViscosityCrystal structureMonoclinicSpace groupLattice constantHeat capacityStd molarentropyStd enthalpy offormationStd enthalpy ofcombustionOccupational safety and healthGHS labellingPictogramsHazard statementsPrecautionary statementsNFPA 704Flash pointAutoignitiontemperatureCarboxylic acidsAcetic acidLactic acid3-Hydroxypropionic acidTartronic acidAcrylic acidButyric acid1-PropanolPropionaldehydeSodium propionatePropionic anhydridestandard statecarboxylic acidbody odoresterspreservativeJohann GottliebJean-Baptiste Dumasfatty acidspotassiumformicacetichydrogen bondedanhydridechlorideHell–Volhard–Zelinsky reactionhalogenationbrominecatalysedphosphorus tribromideracemic mixturealanineethylenenickel carbonyloxidationcobaltmanganesePropionibacteriumsuccinic acidEscherichia coliammoniummonensinpropionibacteriasodiumcalciumfood additiveCellulose-acetate-propionatethermoplasticVinyl propionatepesticidespharmaceuticalssolventsbiogas plantsJarlsberg cheesepropionyl-CoAmetabolicodd numberscarbonamino acidsanaerobicruminantssweat glands of humansEmmental cheeseAmerican "Swiss cheese"coenzyme Abeta oxidationcitric acid cyclesvertebratescarboxylatedmethylmalonyl-CoAisomerisedvitamin B12succinyl-CoAhepaticgluconeogenesisexogenousendogenousupregulatenorepinephrineglucagonpropionic acidemiahyperactivitydystonia