Plaggen soil
In order to fertilize the fields, pieces of heath or grass including roots and humus ("plaggen") were cut and used as bedding for cattle or sheep.In springtime, this bedding, enriched with slurry was then spread over the fields near the village as manure.The raised fields give rise to a typical landscape with sharp breaks in elevation and are called Plaggenesche in Germany or Es in Dutch.In Orkney these soils were created already in the 12th to 13th centuries, and on some islands in Shetland these methods continued to be used until the 1960s.[4] The Maori of New Zealand's agriculture included plaggen soil forming practices that increased drainage for kumara crops.