Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
[7][8] The Committee prevailed upon American minister John L. Stevens to call in the US Marines to protect the national interest of the United States of America.The 1993 Apology Resolution by the US Congress concedes that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and [...] the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Hawaiian Kingdom or through a plebiscite or referendum".[9] On July 6, 1846, US Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, formally recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of Kamehameha III.[18] The monarch wished to lower the tariffs being paid out to the U.S. while still maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar competitive with other foreign markets.[19] As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the US.As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians.By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctor's advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.In July 1889, there was a small scale rebellion, and Minister Merrill landed Marines to protect Americans; the State Department explicitly approved his action.They had 300 Hawaiian conspirators hidden in ʻIolani Barracks and an alliance with the Royal Guard, but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888, less than 48 hours before the revolt would have been initiated.[46] Many Hawaii businesses and citizens felt pressure from the loss of revenue; in response Liliʻuokalani proposed a lottery system to raise money for her government.[48] Liliʻuokalani's chief desire was to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Bayonet Constitution and promulgating a new one, an idea that seems to have been broadly supported by the Hawaiian population.Because the members had strong political ties with United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, the requests were repeatedly denied by Attorney General Arthur P. Peterson and the Queen's cabinet, fearing if approved, the arrests would escalate the situation.[3] The events began on January 17, 1893, when John Good, a revolutionist, shot Leialoha, a native policeman who was trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Committee of Safety led by Lorrin Thurston.[63] On January 17, 1893, the Chairman of the Committee of Safety, Henry E. Cooper, addressed a crowd assembled in front of ʻIolani Palace (the official royal residence) and read aloud a proclamation that formally deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani, abolished the Hawaiian monarchy, and established a Provisional Government of Hawaii under President Sanford B. Dole.[65] Advised about supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property by the Committee of Safety,[66] Stevens obliged their request and summoned 162 U.S. sailors and Marines from the USS Boston to land on Oahu under orders of neutrality and take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893."[70] Immediate annexation was prevented by President Grover Cleveland who told Congress: ... the military demonstration upon the soil of Honolulu was of itself an act of war; unless made either with the consent of the government of Hawaii or for the bona fide purpose of protecting the imperiled lives and property of citizens of the United States.When these armed men were landed, the city of Honolulu was in its customary orderly and peaceful condition ...[71]The Republic of Hawaii was nonetheless declared in 1894 by the same parties which had established the provisional government.Blount concluded in his report on July 17, 1893, "United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government.[75] President Cleveland stated, "Substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair the monarchy."Cleveland became stalled with his earlier efforts to restore the queen and adopted a position of recognition of the so-called Provisional Government and the Republic of Hawaii which followed.Countries recognizing the new Provisional Government included Chile, Austria-Hungary, Mexico, Russia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Japan,[a] Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, China, Peru, and France.[82] A four-day uprising between January 6–9, 1895, began with an attempted coup d'état to restore the monarchy, and included battles between royalists and the republican rebels.Later, after a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds after the attempted rebellion in 1895, Queen Lili'uokalani was placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, convicted of misprision of treason and imprisoned in her own home.[83] The Committee of Safety declared Sanford Dole president of the new Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, only removing the queen, her cabinet, and her marshal from office.
Hawaiian Rebellions (1887–1895)USS BostonArlington HotelHonoluluLucien YoungHawaiian LeagueUnited StatesHawaiian KingdomLiliʻuokalaniProvisional GovernmentRepublicorganizedterritoryCommittee of SafetyLorrin A. ThurstonJohn L. StevensSamuel NowleinCharles B. WilsonHonolulu RiflesUS NavyRoyal GuardʻIolani PalaceʻIolani BarracksGatling gunHawaiian RebellionsWilcox Rebellion 1889Leper WarBlack Week1895 Wilcox rebellionHawaiian sovereigntymovementHawaiian flagOpposition to the overthrowLegal status of HawaiiUS federal recognition of Native HawaiiansChiefdomKingdomWilcox rebellion of 1889Leper War on KauaʻiBlack Week (Hawaii)Hawaiian Renaissance2008 occupation of Iolani Palace125th anniversary of the overthrowAloha ʻĀina PartyHome Rule Party of HawaiiOffice of Hawaiian AffairsSovereignty Restoration DayBlount ReportMorgan ReportBayonet ConstitutionProposed 1893 ConstitutionKūʻē PetitionsNewlands ResolutionHawaiian Organic ActApology ResolutionAkaka BillHawaii's Story by Hawaii's QueenKaua Kuloko 1895coup d'étatUS Marinesnational interestRepublic of HawaiiannexationoccurredUS CongressHawaiian sovereignty movementKamehameha dynastyKamehameha IKamehameha VLunaliloUS Secretary of StateJohn C. CalhounPresident TylerKamehameha IIIHouse of KalākauaSugar plantations in HawaiiJames CookWilliam Hoopersugar canesugar industryfree enterprisefive-month occupationGeorge PauletGreat MāheleGerrit P. JuddCharles Reed BishopMinister of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)Ford IslandJohn SchofieldPu'uloaPearl HarborKamehameha familyHawaiian Minister of Foreign AffairsBernice Pauahi BishopWilliam Charles LunaliloDavid Kalākauathe land ('Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyoneReciprocity Treaty of 18751887 Constitution of the Hawaiian KingdomLorrin ThurstonMinister of the Interior (Hawaii)Hawaiian Patriotic LeagueRebellion of 1887ethnic groupsGrover ClevelandThomas F. BayardWilcox rebellionsKalākauaPrincess LiliʻuokalaniQueen KapiolaniQueen Victoria's Golden JubileeGreat BritainRobert William WilcoxItalianmilitaryexiledMissionary PartyProposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian KingdomPalace HotelMcKinley Actlottery1893 ConstitutionHenry E. CooperReform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdomwarrantsmartial lawArthur P. Peterson