The Oshkosh metropolitan statistical area, which consists of all of Winnebago County, had 171,730 residents in 2020 and is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.The 1820s mining boom in southwest Wisconsin along with the opening of the Erie Canal shifted commercial activity away from the Fox River Valley and Green Bay.Following the publicity caused by the Black Hawk War in 1832, there was increased interest in settling Wisconsin by whites from the East Coast, especially New York, Indiana, and Virginia, and by 1836 the cities of Milwaukee, Madison, Janesville, Beloit, and Fond du Lac were founded, with Madison the capital of a new territorial government, setting the stage for the economic and political importance of the southern part of the state.[10] The lumber industry became well established as businessmen took advantage of navigable waterways to provide access to both markets and northern pineries.The 1859 arrival of rail transportation expanded the industry's ability to meet the demands of a rapidly growing construction market.At one time, Oshkosh was known as the "Sawdust Capital of the World" due to the number of lumber mills in the city, 11 by 1860.The community attracted a range of professional teachers, attorneys, doctors, businessmen, and others who helped it flourish.On April 28, 1875, Oshkosh had a "Great Fire" that consumed homes and businesses along Main Street north of the Fox River.Following devastating fires in the mid-1870s, new buildings were commissioned in Oshkosh that expressed a range of good design: for residential, commercial, civic and religious use.The many structures which make up the city's historic areas are largely a result of the capital and materials generated by the lumber and associated wood manufacturing industries.They include the Algoma Boulevard, Irving/Church, North Main Street, Oshkosh State Normal School on the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh campus, Paine Lumber Company, and Washington Avenue historic districts.In the most recent climatological normal has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) near the 22 °C threshold (the average of the hottest month is 22.2 °C).As a result, OshKosh B'Gosh began to sell their products through department stores and expanded their children's line.A downtown redevelopment plan led to the construction of the outdoor Leach Amphitheater on the Fox River.It hosts the weekly Waterfest concert series[29] during the summer, as well as national touring musical acts and local community events.Long-running community festivals, such as Sawdust Days[32] in Menominee Park, was a popular event but discontinued in 2019.Pub Crawl is an unsanctioned, unofficial event that happens twice a year, once in the fall and once in the spring on the second weekend of April and October.Many area bars and restaurants reported an uptick in sales, though with the raised revenue also came higher incident rates for local police.[35] From 1999 to 2019, the Seventh-day Adventist-hosted International Pathfinder Camporee was held in Oshkosh, gathering tens of thousands youth and adults from all over the world every 5 years.The most recent Camporee in 2019 gathered over 56,000 Pathfinders, and is considered the largest Adventist youth event in history, with over 1,000 people being baptized.They were held in campgrounds close to the EAA Aviation Museum, with some of the hangars being renovated to make room for booths where Pathfinders would get multiple honors.The city-wide elected office of "mayor" was subsequently restored in 2005, but is more akin to president of the city council.For representation in the state legislature, Oshkosh has been primarily represented by the 54th Assembly district since the 1983 redistricting law.The airport had commercial traffic starting in 1928 when Northwest Airways delivered mail to Oshkosh and the Fox Cities.By 1969, the EAA had grown too big for Rockford Municipal Airport, and the convention voted on moving to Oshkosh.