Race and ethnicity in the United States census
However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights.[11] The OMB states, many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks).Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act).The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the US Constitution and applicable laws.[13] The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president.[19] The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology.No microdata from the 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration."Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively.A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule").Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white.This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut.[32] The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.[38][39][40] The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages.Subsequently, the Census Bureau adhered to the 1997 OMB standards and thus used two separate questions to collect data on race and ethnicity.[42] According to the United States Census Bureau, as a result of significant feedback, a detailed write-in response and example were included for the "White" and the "Black or African Am."[44] The improvements are part of a larger effort reviewing the 1997 OMB guidelines, specifically to move MENA from under the White racial category into a new label.An OMB working group officially recommended a new MENA category in 2023 based on public feedback going back to 2015 and "plans to make final decisions on revisions by Summer 2024".A follow-up survey concluded that the miscounting of children under five years of age and that American Indians and Alaska Natives living on reservations continued to have the highest net undercount rate, similar to 2010.[50] Furthermore, discrepancies persisted due to the irrefutable variables of delays to field work, migration of many college students and others, and some respondents failed to answer the necessary questions required for the Post-Enumeration Survey to match the census.More specifically, immigrants entering through a permanent legal residency (green card), visa overstays, and apprehensions have drastically changed the input and output of data.The total number of non-immigrant visas processed in Mexico by the US Department of State dropped 35% in 2020 compared with the prior year, from about 1.5 million in 2019 to about 960,000 in 2020.In fiscal 2020, the number of detainments of Mexican adults at the US-Mexican border reached sky-high new levels under former president Donald Trump.[4] According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 census the largest part white biracial population is white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017, followed by white/black at 737,492, then white/Asian at 727,197, and finally white/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander at 125,628.15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 census."[5] The AAA also stated: The American Anthropological Association recommends the elimination of the term "race" from OMB Directive 15 during the planning for the 2010 census.[55] In 2001, the National Institutes of Health adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15,[56] as did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the United States Department of Labor in 2007.
United States censusUS Census BureauOffice of Management and Budgetself-identifiedrace and ethnicityHispanic or LatinoAmerican Anthropological AssociationUS Commission on Civil RightsFederal Registerfederal governmentMiddle Eastern or North AfricanStatistical Policy DirectiveVoting Rights ActCivil Rights ActPublic Health Service ActCommunity Reinvestment ActCenter for American Progress1790 United States censuscensusUS ConstitutionpresidentUS MarshalsConnecticutDelawareGeorgiaMarylandMassachusettsNew HampshireNew JerseyNew YorkNorth CarolinaPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaVermontVirginiaslavesThomas JeffersonSecretary of StateSouthwest Territoryadmission to the UnionKentuckyGeorge Washingtonmicrodataaggregate dataNational Historical Geographic Information SystemmulattoJapaneseChineseQuadroonIndianone-drop ruleFranklin D. RooseveltGood Neighbor policyLeague of United Latin American CitizensJapanese American internmentIndian subcontinentMexicanPuerto RicanCentralSouth AmericanSpanishlanguageEnglishFrenchItalianGerman1990 censusAmerican IndianAlaska Native2000 censusEuropeMiddle EastNorth AfricaBlack or African Americanblack racial groupsAfricaAmerican Indian and Alaska Nativeoriginal peoples of North and South America (including Central America)Far EastSoutheast AsiaNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslanderPacific IslandsWe-SortTwo or more racesUS censusfederal government of the United StatesWhite Hispanic and Latino AmericansBlack Hispanic and Latino AmericansAsian Hispanic and Latino Americans2010 censusWest Indian AmericansTurkish AmericansArmenian AmericansArab AmericansIranian Americans2020 censusAmerican Community SurveyRutgers UniversityPew Research CenterNational Institutes of HealthEqual Employment Opportunity CommissionUnited States Department of LaborCertificate of Degree of Indian BloodClassification of ethnicity in the United KingdomHistorical racial and ethnic demographics of the United StatesJudicial aspects of race in the United StatesLanguage Spoken at HomeRace (human categorization)Race and ethnicity in censusesRace and ethnicity in the United StatesRacial segregation in the United StatesVisible minorityUnited States Census BureauThe New York TimesOrvis, KarinCambridge University PressNewsweekNational ArchivesBibcodeWayback MachineDædalusAmerican Academy of Arts and SciencesDemographics of the United StatesDemographic historyAffluence