Northern American English
The North as a superdialect region is best documented by the 2006 Atlas of North American English (ANAE) in the greater metropolitan areas of Connecticut, Western Massachusetts, Western and Central New York, Northwestern New Jersey, Northeastern Pennsylvania, Northern Ohio, Northern Indiana, Northern Illinois, Northeastern Nebraska, and Eastern South Dakota, plus among certain demographics or areas within Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Vermont, and New York's Hudson Valley.[7][8] The ANAE defines a Northern linguistic super-region of American English dialects as having: The Northern Cities Vowel Shift is a series of sound changes in the North that covers a large area from western New York State west through the U.S. Great Lakes region and some of the Upper Midwest.This large region, despite being home to numerous different dialects and accents, constitutes a huge area unified in certain linguistic respects, including particular notable vocabulary and phonemic incidence (that is, basic units of sound that can distinguish certain words).[25] The recent Northern cities vowel shift, beginning only in the twentieth century, now affects much of the North away from the Atlantic coast, occurring specifically at its geographic center: the Great Lakes region.It is therefore a defining feature of the Inland North dialect (most notably spoken in Chicago, Detroit, and western New York State).
North American EnglishNorthern United StatesLanguage familyIndo-EuropeanGermanicWest GermanicIngvaeonicAnglo–FrisianAnglicEnglishAmerican EnglishOld EnglishMiddle EnglishEarly Modern EnglishISO 639-3GlottologNorthwestNew EnglandUnicodeAmerican English dialectswhite AmericansGreat Lakes regionNortheast regionAtlas of North American EnglishConnecticutWestern MassachusettsWesternCentral New YorkNew JerseyNortheastern PennsylvaniaNorthern IndianaNorthern IllinoisNebraskaEastern South DakotaMichiganWisconsinMinnesotaVermontNew York's Hudson ValleyInland Northern dialectSouthwestern New England dialectNew York CityEastern New EnglandNorthwestern U.S.Upper Midwestern accentsCentral and Western Canadian EnglishrhoticSouthern U.S. accentsdiphthongmonophthongizesWestern U.S.Canadian accents/ɑ/ and /ɔ/General Americanconservativelyrhoticitycot–caught mergerpronounced identicallyrounded lipsRaisingvoiceless consonantsGreat Lakes areaCalifornia EnglishPhiladelphia EnglishWestern American English dialectsCanadian raisingBostonMartha's VineyardUpper MidwestNorthern Cities Vowel Shiftwestern New York Statehomophonedistinction between /ɔr/ and /oʊr/homophonesheadscarfcrayfishdoing doughnutsgroundhogdialects of New EnglandGreater New York CityGreater Philadelphiaphonemicstreamchest of drawersbasementcrullergoose bumpshair tietoilet paperingtraffic circlesneakerssoft drinksunshowertractor trailersemi-trailer truckNortheastern elite accentNortheastern U.S.Boston BrahminKennedy familyJohn F. KennedyHarvardnon-rhoticitycot-caught mergerMary-marry-merry mergerTRAP–BATH splithappY tensingbackedcultivated transatlantic accentInland Northern American EnglishGreat LakesInland NorthWestern New England EnglishNorth-Central American EnglishPacific Northwest EnglishWestern American EnglishWalter de GruyterDictionary of American Regional EnglishEncyclopædia BritannicaHal Leonard CorporationDialectsaccentsModern EnglishEuropeGreat BritainEnglandCheshire