Shin splints
A shin splint, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome, is pain along the inside edge of the shinbone (tibia) due to inflammation of tissue in the area.[10][citation needed] Shin splints typically occur due to excessive physical activity.[12] While the exact mechanism is unknown, shin splints can be attributed to the overloading of the lower leg due to biomechanical irregularities resulting in an increase in stress exerted on the tibia.A sudden increase in intensity or frequency in activity level fatigues muscles too quickly to help shock absorption properly, forcing the tibia to absorb most of the impact.[15] The pain associated with shin splints is caused from a disruption of Sharpey's fibres that connect the medial soleus fascia through the periosteum of the tibia where it inserts into the bone.[14] With repetitive stress, the impact forces eccentrically fatigue the soleus and create repeated tibial bending or bowing, contributing to shin splints.Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such as grass, to decrease the amount of force the lower leg must absorb.A technique such as deep transverse friction to relieve muscle tightness will help stop the build-up of scar tissue.[13] Less-common forms of treatment for more-severe cases of shin splints include extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and surgery.
SpecialtySports medicineSymptomsComplicationsStress fractureRisk factorsDiagnostic methodmedical imagingDifferential diagnosistendinitisexertional compartment syndromePrognosisstress fracturesphysical activitynonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsphysical therapycompressionShoe insolesbone densityosteoporosisFlat feetoverweightpronationnon-compliantgastrocnemiussoleusplantarflexor digitorum longusSharpey's fibresfasciaperiosteumMagnetic resonance imagecoronal planephysical examinationcompartment syndromenerve entrapmentpopliteal artery entrapment syndromebone scanmagnetic resonance imagingcalvesquadricepsglutealsOrthosesorthoticsmanual therapybalance boardcortisonecalciumvitamin DDeep tissue massageextracorporeal shockwave therapyPatient UKDislocationssubluxationssprainsstrainsJointsligamentsDislocation of jawWhiplashShoulderupper armDislocated shoulderSeparated shoulderALPSA lesionSLAP tearBankart lesionforearmPulled elbowGamekeeper's thumbHip dislocationTear of meniscusAnterior cruciate ligament injuryPosterior cruciate ligament injuryUnhappy triadPatellar dislocationKnee dislocationSprained ankleHigh ankle sprainTurf toeMusclestendonsRotator cuff tearPulled hamstringPatellar tendon ruptureAchilles tendon rupture