Dardic languages
[7] Rather than close linguistic or ethnic relationships, the original term Dardic was a geographical concept, denoting the northwesternmost group of Indo-Aryan languages.Leitner's Dardistan, in its broadest sense, became the basis for the classification of the languages in the north-west of the Indo-Aryan linguistic area (which includes present-day eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir).These features include three sibilants, several types of clusters of consonants, and archaic or antiquated vocabulary lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages.[26] As such, the historic Dardic's position as a legitimate genetic subfamily has been repeatedly called into question; it is widely acknowledged that the grouping is more geographical in nature, as opposed to linguistic.[35][36] Some linguists have posited that Dardic lects may have originally been spoken throughout a much larger region, stretching from the mouth of the Indus (in Sindh) northwards in an arc, and then eastwards through modern day Himachal Pradesh to Kumaon.[40] Both ancient and modern Dardic languages demonstrate a marked tendency towards metathesis where a "pre- or postconsonantal 'r' is shifted forward to a preceding syllable".Examples include a tendency to spell the Classical Sanskrit words priyadarshi (one of the titles of Emperor Ashoka) as instead priyadrashi and dharma as dhrama.
Northern PakistanGilgit-BaltistanKhyber PakhtunkhwaAzad KashmirJammu and KashmirLadakhAfghanistanKapisaLaghmanNangarharNuristanLinguistic classificationIndo-EuropeanIndo-IranianIndo-AryanISO 639-3GlottologGeorg MorgenstierneNuristani languagesKamkata-vari (Kati)Kalasha-ala (Waigali)Indo-Aryan languagesDardistanancestorGandhari languageGandhara civilizationTorwaliKohistani languagesLeitnerPakistanKashmirGeorge Abraham GriersonIndo-Iranian languagesNuristaniIranianPrakritOld Indo-AryansibilantsKalashaKhowarIndologistGérard FussmanGeorge Morgenstierne'sCentral Indo-AryanPunjabiKashmiriPahari languagesCentral Pahari languagesUttarakhandPoguliKishtwariBrokskadKalkotiKohistani ShinaKundal ShahiPalulaUshojiBateriChilissoMankiyaliWotapuri-KatarqalaiTirahiUrtsuniwarPashai languagesPashaiDameliGawar-BatiNangalamiShumashtiTonalityWestern Pahari languagesmetathesisAshokan rock edictsGandharaAshokaSindhiLahnda (Western Punjabi)Persian"verb second"GermanO'odhamIngushEnglishPashtoIndus KohistaniSanskritHindi-UrduMandealiNepaliGarhwaliKumaoniSandhiNietzscheacute accentVedic languageMorgenstierne, GeorgBashir, ElenaArun Kumar BiswasBrokskatPashayiKalamiNorthernDoteliWesternKangriBhadarwahiChurahiBhatealiBilaspuriChambealiPangwaliMahasu PahariJaunsariKulluiPahari KinnauriHinduriSirmauriSarazidialectsLahndaHindkoKhetraniPahari-PothwariSaraikiJadgaliKholosi