[1] Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) began in 1964 and was completed in 1968.[2] Its total cost was estimated at US$209 million (equivalent to about US$1.5 billion in 2023 dollars[3]), with one-quarter of this amount used to resettle people displaced by the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake.Most of the structure is made from earth, but the centre section, housing the hydroelectric turbines, was built from concrete.In addition, occasional droughts have made the Niger's water flow unpredictable, diminishing the dam's electrical output.In October 1998, in response to upstream flooding, a torrent of water was released from the dam, bursting the river banks.